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Showing metabocard for Gabapentin (HMDB0005015)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (5) Show 5 proteinsXML
enzymes (5) Show 5 proteins
Record Information
Version4.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-10-17 08:37:49 UTC
Update Date2020-02-26 21:25:40 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0005015
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB05015
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGabapentin
DescriptionGabapentin was originally developed as a chemical analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to reduce the spinal reflex for the treatment of spasticity and was found to have anticonvulsant activity in various seizure models. In addition, it also displays antinociceptive activity in various animal pain models. Clinically, gabapentin is indicated as an add-on medication for the treatment of partial seizures, and neuropathic pain. It was also claimed to be beneficial in several other clinical disorders such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, and hot flashes. The possible mechanisms or targets involved in the multiple therapeutic actions of gabapentin have been actively studied. Since gabapentin was developed, several hypotheses had been proposed for its action mechanisms. They include selectively activating the heterodimeric GABA(B) receptors consisting of GABA(B1a) and GABA(B2) subunits, selectively enhancing the NMDA current at GABAergic interneurons, or blocking AMPA-receptor-mediated transmission in the spinal cord, binding to the L-alpha-amino acid transporter, activating ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, activating hyperpolarization-activated cation channels, and modulating Ca(2+) current by selectively binding to the specific binding site of [(3)H]gabapentin, the alpha(2)delta subunit of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. Different mechanisms might be involved in different therapeutic actions of gabapentin. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the findings proposed for the antinociceptive action mechanisms of gabapentin and suggest that the alpha(2)delta subunit of spinal N-type Ca(2+) channels is very likely the analgesic action target of gabapentin. (PMID: 16474201 ).
Structure
Data?1582752340
MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acidChEBI
GabapentinaChEBI
GabapentineChEBI
GabapentinumChEBI
NeurontinChEBI
GraliseKegg
1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetateGenerator
AcloniumHMDB
GabapentinoHMDB
GabapetinHMDB
Novo-gabapentineHMDB
ConvalisHMDB
Gabapentin hexalHMDB
PMS-GabapentinHMDB
Gabapentin stadaHMDB
Gabapentin-ratiopharmHMDB
Novo-gabapentinHMDB
Apo-gabapentinHMDB
Gabapentin ratiopharmMeSH
NovoGabapentinMeSH
Apo gabapentinMeSH
ApoGabapentinMeSH
Novo gabapentinMeSH
Chemical FormulaC9H17NO2
Average Molecular Weight171.2368
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight171.125928793
IUPAC Name2-[1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid
Traditional Namegabapentin
CAS Registry Number60142-96-3
SMILES
NCC1(CC(O)=O)CCCCC1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyUGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentGamma amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gamma amino acid or derivatives
  • Amino fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect

Health effect:

Disposition

Source:

Route of exposure:

Biological location:

Role

Environmental role:

Industrial application:

Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point165 - 167 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogP-1.10SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.34 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.9ALOGPS
logP-1.3ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.63ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.91ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area63.32 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity46.33 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability18.92 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-9300000000-1b1c66a2b9ea4333921dSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00ai-9520000000-9cbc5f48f228d49f903cSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-bccc9bd5f1637db7b6c7Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-67139ca9559173bf9859Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-bfe6527f738e4c67eb2bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-bb175ef297a289e1936bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0udr-0900000000-258d4493623d0ab7b415Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0f79-0900000000-bc24764f394c6fee34fdSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-006ecd4a58af763b087fSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-012c52738f11970adb8dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-8f0d390195aa406adb5dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0uk9-0900000000-72f8d5cb88eda76dab56Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0udi-3900000000-b634b4e7144ec6ffdc83Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0ktn-9800000000-20c4131179b228ab3440Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00ke-9300000000-dd9d44ed4f16961ed075Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-f9a7deaa778e9d893ee8Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-4f85e6ac9fd91a3e3b81Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0uk9-0900000000-d3a4c5658e343cf3cf8dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0udi-3900000000-712133d5b9eae1b27ffbSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-0ktn-9800000000-c652847259e0851b428eSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-00ke-9200000000-77e258cf26b045a7e46eSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0kmi-0900000000-bd606c1e84a1821141d5Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a6r-1900000000-7e1f93e356d99c221d79Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4l-9400000000-e7cad8847543c27e9be7Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-00fr-0900000000-46b0ef53eef895d16407Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-00fr-1900000000-49d03843c6afc2b38719Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-7900000000-21b2e487e51f606cc2adSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Feces
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.31 +/- 0.012 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Colorectal cancer
  1. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00996
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023587
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID3328
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGabapentin
METLIN ID2989
PubChem Compound3446
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID42797
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB ID
References
Synthesis ReferenceSatzinger, Gerhard; Hartenstein, Johannes; Herrmann, Manfred; Heldt, Wolfgang. Cyclic amino acids. Ger. Offen. (1976), 16 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DE 2460891 19760701 CAN 85:94679 AN 1976:494679
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Nemeroff CB: The role of GABA in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2003;37(4):133-46. [PubMed:15131523 ]
  2. Di Trapani G, Mei D, Marra C, Mazza S, Capuano A: Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of migraine: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Ter. 2000 May-Jun;151(3):145-8. [PubMed:10958046 ]
  3. Bisaga A, Aharonovich E, Garawi F, Levin FR, Rubin E, Raby WN, Nunes EV: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 Feb 28;81(3):267-74. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [PubMed:16169160 ]
  4. Petroff OA, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Lamoureux D, Mattson RH: The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1996 Jan;39(1):95-9. [PubMed:8572673 ]
  5. Taylor CP, Gee NS, Su TZ, Kocsis JD, Welty DF, Brown JP, Dooley DJ, Boden P, Singh L: A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology. Epilepsy Res. 1998 Feb;29(3):233-49. [PubMed:9551785 ]
  6. Czapinski P, Blaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ: Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Top Med Chem. 2005;5(1):3-14. [PubMed:15638774 ]
  7. Cheng JK, Chiou LC: Mechanisms of the antinociceptive action of gabapentin. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006;100(5):471-86. Epub 2006 Feb 11. [PubMed:16474201 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Gene Name:
BCAT1
Uniprot ID:
P54687
Molecular weight:
38644.77
Enzyme Details
2. Adenosine receptor A1
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Gene Name:
ADORA1
Uniprot ID:
P30542
Molecular weight:
36511.3
Enzyme Details
3. Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1
General function:
Involved in metal ion binding
Specific function:
The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling
Gene Name:
CACNA2D1
Uniprot ID:
P54289
Molecular weight:
124566.9
Enzyme Details
4. Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2
General function:
Involved in calcium channel activity
Specific function:
The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-type calcium channel (CACNA1A), N-type (CACNA1B), L-type (CACNA1C OR CACNA1D) and possibly T-type (CACNA1G). Overexpression induces apoptosis
Gene Name:
CACNA2D2
Uniprot ID:
Q9NY47
Molecular weight:
129875.2
Enzyme Details
5. Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
General function:
Involved in ion channel activity
Specific function:
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1B gives rise to N-type calcium currents. N-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and by omega-agatoxin- IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing alpha-1B subunit may play a role in directed migration of immature neurons
Gene Name:
CACNA1B
Uniprot ID:
Q00975
Molecular weight:
262493.8