Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2009-11-02 23:11:25 UTC |
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Update Date | 2021-04-12 19:29:44 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0013127 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine |
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Description | 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxybutyric acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine is therefore classified as a short chain AC. As a short-chain acylcarnitine 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine is a member of the most abundant group of carnitines in the body, comprising more than 50% of all acylcarnitines quantified in tissues and biofluids (PMID: 31920980 ). Some short-chain carnitines have been studied as supplements or treatments for a number of diseases, including neurological disorders and inborn errors of metabolism. In particular 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 11489939 , PMID: 15870679 ), prediabetes (PMID: 28505362 ), T2DM (PMID: 28505362 ), metallosis (PMID: 30271721 ), mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coa thiolase deficiency (PMID: 20157782 ), and heart failure (PMID: 25881932 ). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503 ). 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine is elevated in the urine of individuals with renal cell carcinoma (PMID: 29658093 ). Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT, EC:2.3.1.7) is responsible for the synthesis of all short-chain and short branched-chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 23485643 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews]. |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(3S)-3-{[(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl]oxy}-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoic acid | Generator | (3S)-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine | HMDB | (S)-3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine | HMDB | 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine | HMDB | Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C11H21NO5 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 247.291 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 247.14197278 |
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IUPAC Name | (3S)-3-{[(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl]oxy}-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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Traditional Name | (3S)-3-{[(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl]oxy}-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate |
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CAS Registry Number | 1469900-92-2 |
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SMILES | C[C@@H](O)CC(=O)O[C@@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C11H21NO5/c1-8(13)5-11(16)17-9(6-10(14)15)7-12(2,3)4/h8-9,13H,5-7H2,1-4H3/t8-,9+/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | UEFRDQSMQXDWTO-BDAKNGLRSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Fatty acid esters |
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Direct Parent | Acyl carnitines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Acyl-carnitine
- Beta-hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic salt
- Organic zwitterion
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: Biological role: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Disease References | 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency |
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- Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingre HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE: Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of beta-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 2001 Aug;108(3):457-65. [PubMed:11489939 ]
- Popa FI, Perlini S, Teofoli F, Degani D, Funghini S, La Marca G, Rinaldo P, Vincenzi M, Antoniazzi F, Boner A, Camilot M: 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency: identification of a new mutation causing hyperinsulinemic hypoketotic hypoglycemia, altered organic acids and acylcarnitines concentrations. JIMD Rep. 2012;2:71-7. doi: 10.1007/8904_2011_50. Epub 2011 Sep 6. [PubMed:23430856 ]
| Ketosis |
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- Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingre HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE: Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of beta-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 2001 Aug;108(3):457-65. [PubMed:11489939 ]
| Short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency |
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- Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingre HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE: Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of beta-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 2001 Aug;108(3):457-65. [PubMed:11489939 ]
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase deficiency |
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- Reuter MS, Sass JO, Leis T, Kohler J, Mayr JA, Feichtinger RG, Rauh M, Schanze I, Bahr L, Trollmann R, Uebe S, Ekici AB, Reis A: HIBCH deficiency in a patient with phenotypic characteristics of mitochondrial disorders. Am J Med Genet A. 2014 Dec;164A(12):3162-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36766. Epub 2014 Sep 23. [PubMed:25251209 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
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- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
- FRITZ IB: Action of carnitine on long chain fatty acid oxidation by liver. Am J Physiol. 1959 Aug;197:297-304. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.297. [PubMed:13825279 ]
- Makarova E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilks K, Volska K, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Zarkova-Malkova O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E: Decreases in Circulating Concentrations of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines and Free Fatty Acids During the Glucose Tolerance Test Represent Tissue-Specific Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Dec 17;10:870. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00870. eCollection 2019. [PubMed:31920980 ]
- Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingre HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE: Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of beta-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 2001 Aug;108(3):457-65. [PubMed:11489939 ]
- Hussain K, Clayton PT, Krywawych S, Chatziandreou I, Mills P, Ginbey DW, Geboers AJ, Berger R, van den Berg IE, Eaton S: Hyperinsulinism of infancy associated with a novel splice site mutation in the SCHAD gene. J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):706-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.032. [PubMed:15870679 ]
- Zhong H, Fang C, Fan Y, Lu Y, Wen B, Ren H, Hou G, Yang F, Xie H, Jie Z, Peng Y, Ye Z, Wu J, Zi J, Zhao G, Chen J, Bao X, Hu Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Yang H, Wang J, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Ni C, Li J, Liu S: Lipidomic profiling reveals distinct differences in plasma lipid composition in healthy, prediabetic, and type 2 diabetic individuals. Gigascience. 2017 Jul 1;6(7):1-12. doi: 10.1093/gigascience/gix036. [PubMed:28505362 ]
- Stepien KM, Abidin Z, Lee G, Cullen R, Logan P, Pastores GM: Metallosis mimicking a metabolic disorder: a case report. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2018 Sep 25;17:38-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.09.005. eCollection 2018 Dec. [PubMed:30271721 ]
- Catanzano F, Ombrone D, Di Stefano C, Rossi A, Nosari N, Scolamiero E, Tandurella I, Frisso G, Parenti G, Ruoppolo M, Andria G, Salvatore F: The first case of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency identified by expanded newborn metabolic screening in Italy: the importance of an integrated diagnostic approach. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010 Dec;33 Suppl 3:S91-4. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-9028-3. Epub 2010 Feb 16. [PubMed:20157782 ]
- Cheng ML, Wang CH, Shiao MS, Liu MH, Huang YY, Huang CY, Mao CT, Lin JF, Ho HY, Yang NI: Metabolic disturbances identified in plasma are associated with outcomes in patients with heart failure: diagnostic and prognostic value of metabolomics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Apr 21;65(15):1509-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.018. [PubMed:25881932 ]
- Chen C, Hou G, Zeng C, Ren Y, Chen X, Peng C: Metabolomic profiling reveals amino acid and carnitine alterations as metabolic signatures in psoriasis. Theranostics. 2021 Jan 1;11(2):754-767. doi: 10.7150/thno.51154. eCollection 2021. [PubMed:33391503 ]
- Niziol J, Bonifay V, Ossolinski K, Ossolinski T, Ossolinska A, Sunner J, Beech I, Arendowski A, Ruman T: Metabolomic study of human tissue and urine in clear cell renal carcinoma by LC-HRMS and PLS-DA. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018 Jun;410(16):3859-3869. doi: 10.1007/s00216-018-1059-x. Epub 2018 Apr 16. [PubMed:29658093 ]
- Violante S, Ijlst L, Ruiter J, Koster J, van Lenthe H, Duran M, de Almeida IT, Wanders RJ, Houten SM, Ventura FV: Substrate specificity of human carnitine acetyltransferase: Implications for fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jun;1832(6):773-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.012. Epub 2013 Feb 24. [PubMed:23485643 ]
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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