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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:52 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:52:03 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015643
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15643
Metabolite Identification
Common NameArtemether
DescriptionArtemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and may be used to treat infections caused by P. falciparum and unidentified Plasmodium species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.
Structure
Data?1582753319
Synonyms
ValueSource
(1R,4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-10-Methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0^{4,13}.0^{8,13}]hexadecaneChEBI
10-Methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-(1R,4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecaneChEBI
ArtemeteroChEBI
ArtemetherumChEBI
Artemisininelactol methyl etherChEBI
beta-ArtemetherChEBI
beta-Dihydroartemisinin methyl etherChEBI
Dihydroartemisinin methyl etherChEBI
Methyl-dihydroartemisinineChEBI
b-ArtemetherGenerator
Β-artemetherGenerator
b-Dihydroartemisinin methyl etherGenerator
Β-dihydroartemisinin methyl etherGenerator
Artemether, (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6alpha,8abeta,9alpha,10beta,12beta,12ar*))-isomerMeSH
Artemether, (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8aalpha,9alpha,10beta,12beta,12ar*))-isomerMeSH
Artemether, (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,12ar*))-isomerMeSH
ArtenamMeSH
beta-ArthemeterMeSH
O-MethyldihydroartemisinineMeSH
O MethyldihydroartemisinineMeSH
alpha-ArtemetherMeSH
beta ArthemeterMeSH
alpha ArtemetherMeSH
Chemical FormulaC16H26O5
Average Molecular Weight298.3746
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight298.178023942
IUPAC Name(1R,4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-10-methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0⁴,¹³.0⁸,¹³]hexadecane
Traditional Nameartemether
CAS Registry Number71963-77-4
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](C)[C@]3([H])CC[C@@]4(C)OO[C@@]13[C@]([H])(O[C@H](OC)[C@@H]2C)O4
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C16H26O5/c1-9-5-6-12-10(2)13(17-4)18-14-16(12)11(9)7-8-15(3,19-14)20-21-16/h9-14H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-,10-,11+,12+,13+,14-,15-,16-/m1/s1
InChI KeySXYIRMFQILZOAM-HVNFFKDJSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as artemisinins. These are sesquiterpenoids originally isolated from the herb Artemisia annua. Their structure is based on artemisinin, a tetracyclic compound that contains a 1,2-dioxepane fused to an octahydrobenzopyran moiety. The internal peroxide bridge is believed to be a key to the mode of action of artemisinins.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassSesquiterpenoids
Direct ParentArtemisinins
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Artemisinin skeleton
  • Oxepane
  • 1,2,4-trioxane
  • Oxane
  • Dialkyl peroxide
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Acetal
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point86 - 90 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.46 g/LNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.46 g/LALOGPS
logP3.02ALOGPS
logP3.48ChemAxon
logS-2.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area46.15 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity74.66 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability32.12 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+169.84731661259
DarkChem[M-H]-167.71331661259
DeepCCS[M-2H]-203.70730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+179.0430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+169.932859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+166.632859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+173.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+173.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-178.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-178.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-178.632859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Artemether[H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](C)[C@]3([H])CC[C@@]4(C)OO[C@@]13[C@]([H])(O[C@H](OC)[C@@H]2C)O42950.4Standard polar33892256
Artemether[H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](C)[C@]3([H])CC[C@@]4(C)OO[C@@]13[C@]([H])(O[C@H](OC)[C@@H]2C)O41934.9Standard non polar33892256
Artemether[H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](C)[C@]3([H])CC[C@@]4(C)OO[C@@]13[C@]([H])(O[C@H](OC)[C@@H]2C)O41950.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Artemether GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-057i-5090000000-fc5433b9f75609086e862017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Artemether GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether , positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0950000000-2ae4d4c9200a42ec883d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-c0ec8fcbcc43909770a92016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-1090000000-91fcb170d91ec8805f9e2016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9010000000-7ba196bcd596e404b4b92016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-1741b261e3a7a78d3c842016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000b-2090000000-e64eeb3b03db07c602442016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9260000000-801546a9d834f67749692016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-bf3f63bd98901493b94c2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-529b8f9b9477c2586e602021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01r6-3090000000-4179518b1b8be25d1b9d2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-fe868e873190173a7c922021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-f6a590f26f9c6239431f2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Artemether 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-b3bab713ac1bba977b5c2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB06697 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB06697 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB06697
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID62138
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkArtemether
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound68911
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID195280
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Haynes RK, Vonwiller SC: Extraction of artemisinin and artemisinic acid: preparation of artemether and new analogues. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Jun;88 Suppl 1:S23-6. [PubMed:8053018 ]
  2. Makanga M, Krudsood S: The clinical efficacy of artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem). Malar J. 2009 Oct 12;8 Suppl 1:S5. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-S1-S5. [PubMed:19818172 ]
  3. Mutabingwa TK, Adam I: Use of artemether-lumefantrine to treat malaria during pregnancy: what do we know and need to know? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 Feb;11(2):125-35. doi: 10.1586/eri.12.169. [PubMed:23409819 ]
  4. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  5. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  6. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  7. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  8. (). Artemether and Lumefantrine (2010). AHFS Drug Information [Electronic versionb]. Retrieved October 24, 2010.. .
  9. (). Artemether/Lumefantrine (2010). DrugPoints® System [Electronic version]. Retrieved October 24, 2010.. .
  10. (). Novartis. Coartem (artemether/lumefantrine) tablets prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ; 2010 Feb.. .
  11. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
  2. Elsherbiny DA, Asimus SA, Karlsson MO, Ashton M, Simonsson US: A model based assessment of the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inductive properties by artemisinin antimalarials: implications for combination regimens. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2008 Apr;35(2):203-17. doi: 10.1007/s10928-008-9084-6. Epub 2008 Mar 19. [PubMed:18350255 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
Gene Name:
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID:
P20813
Molecular weight:
56277.81
References
  1. Elsherbiny DA, Asimus SA, Karlsson MO, Ashton M, Simonsson US: A model based assessment of the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inductive properties by artemisinin antimalarials: implications for combination regimens. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2008 Apr;35(2):203-17. doi: 10.1007/s10928-008-9084-6. Epub 2008 Mar 19. [PubMed:18350255 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID:
P20815
Molecular weight:
57108.065