Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2014-04-11 22:16:28 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-10-24 19:44:14 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0061642 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine |
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Description | 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review (PMID: 35710135 ), acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748 ). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186 , PMID: 32708684 , PMID: 24837145 ), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220 ), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769 ). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503 ). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulin's inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774 ). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903 ). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available (PMID: 35710135 ). |
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Structure | CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)CC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C InChI=1S/C23H45NO5/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20(25)17-23(28)29-21(18-22(26)27)19-24(2,3)4/h20-21,25H,5-19H2,1-4H3 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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3-[(3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate | ChEBI | 3-Hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine | ChEBI | 3-[(3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid | Generator |
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Chemical Formula | C23H45NO5 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 415.6071 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 415.329773555 |
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IUPAC Name | 3-[(3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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Traditional Name | 3-[(3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate |
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CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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SMILES | CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)CC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C23H45NO5/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20(25)17-23(28)29-21(18-22(26)27)19-24(2,3)4/h20-21,25H,5-19H2,1-4H3 |
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InChI Key | XKAZIAFZAQAHHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Fatty acid esters |
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Direct Parent | Acyl carnitines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Acyl-carnitine
- Beta-hydroxy acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Hydroxy acid
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organic zwitterion
- Organic salt
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | Not Available |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Not Available |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Zhang X, Zhang C, Chen L, Han X, Ji L: Human serum acylcarnitine profiles in different glucose tolerance states. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;104(3):376-82. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.013. Epub 2014 Apr 28. [PubMed:24837145 ]
- FRITZ IB: Action of carnitine on long chain fatty acid oxidation by liver. Am J Physiol. 1959 Aug;197:297-304. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.297. [PubMed:13825279 ]
- Reuter SE, Evans AM: Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012 Sep 1;51(9):553-72. doi: 10.1007/BF03261931. [PubMed:22804748 ]
- Bruce CR, Hoy AJ, Turner N, Watt MJ, Allen TL, Carpenter K, Cooney GJ, Febbraio MA, Kraegen EW: Overexpression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in skeletal muscle is sufficient to enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2009 Mar;58(3):550-8. doi: 10.2337/db08-1078. Epub 2008 Dec 10. [PubMed:19073774 ]
- Schooneman MG, Vaz FM, Houten SM, Soeters MR: Acylcarnitines: reflecting or inflicting insulin resistance? Diabetes. 2013 Jan;62(1):1-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0466. [PubMed:23258903 ]
- Ahmad T, Kelly JP, McGarrah RW, Hellkamp AS, Fiuzat M, Testani JM, Wang TS, Verma A, Samsky MD, Donahue MP, Ilkayeva OR, Bowles DE, Patel CB, Milano CA, Rogers JG, Felker GM, O'Connor CM, Shah SH, Kraus WE: Prognostic Implications of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines in Heart Failure and Reversibility With Mechanical Circulatory Support. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jan 26;67(3):291-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.079. [PubMed:26796394 ]
- Mai M, Tonjes A, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Fiedler GM, Leichtle AB: Serum levels of acylcarnitines are altered in prediabetic conditions. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 16;8(12):e82459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082459. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24358186 ]
- Chen C, Hou G, Zeng C, Ren Y, Chen X, Peng C: Metabolomic profiling reveals amino acid and carnitine alterations as metabolic signatures in psoriasis. Theranostics. 2021 Jan 1;11(2):754-767. doi: 10.7150/thno.51154. eCollection 2021. [PubMed:33391503 ]
- Park HD, Kim SR, Ki CS, Lee SY, Chang YS, Jin DK, Park WS: Two novel HADHB gene mutations in a Korean patient with mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2009 Fall;39(4):399-404. [PubMed:19880769 ]
- Hameed A, Mojsak P, Buczynska A, Suleria HAR, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M: Altered Metabolome of Lipids and Amino Acids Species: A Source of Early Signature Biomarkers of T2DM. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 16;9(7). pii: jcm9072257. doi: 10.3390/jcm9072257. [PubMed:32708684 ]
- Karall D, Brunner-Krainz M, Kogelnig K, Konstantopoulou V, Maier EM, Moslinger D, Plecko B, Sperl W, Volkmar B, Scholl-Burgi S: Clinical outcome, biochemical and therapeutic follow-up in 14 Austrian patients with Long-Chain 3-Hydroxy Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015 Feb 22;10:21. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0236-7. [PubMed:25888220 ]
- Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schioth HB: Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev. 2022 Jul;74(3):506-551. doi: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408. [PubMed:35710135 ]
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
- The AOCS Lipid Library [Link]
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