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Showing metabocard for Aspirin (HMDB0001879)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (6)transporters (3) Show 9 proteinsXML
enzymes (6)transporters (3) Show 9 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-02-24 13:00:45 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:15:54 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001879
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01879
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAspirin
DescriptionAspirin is only found in individuals who have consumed this drug. Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer. It was isolated from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhoea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride, creating acetosalicylic anhydride. Gerhardt's product worked, but he had no desire to market it and abandoned his discovery. In 1897, researcher Arthur Eichengrun and Felix Hoffmann, a research assistant at Friedrich Bayer & Co. in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxyl functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester), which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. The name 'aspirin' is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the plant genus Spiraea) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). It has also been stated that the name originated by another means. As referring to AcetylSalicylic and 'pir' in reference to one of the scientists who was able to isolate it in crystalline form, Raffaele Piria. Finally 'in' due to the same reasons as stated above. Salicylic acid (which is a naturally occurring substance found in many plants) can be acetylated using acetic anhydride, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. It is a common experiment performed in organic chemistry labs, and generally tends to produce low yields due to the relative difficulty of its extraction from an aqueous state. The trick to getting the reaction to work is to acidify with phosphoric acid and heat the reagents under reflux with a boiling water bath for between 40 minutes and an hour. Aspirin acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5).
Structure
Data?1676999754
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

945
  Mrv1652305271900032D          

 13 13  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.0791   -0.0495    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -1.2870    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080   -1.6995    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.7755    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  5  1  0  0  0  0
  1 12  1  0  0  0  0
  2 11  1  0  0  0  0
  3 11  2  0  0  0  0
  4 12  2  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
  6  8  2  0  0  0  0
  6 11  1  0  0  0  0
  7  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 10  2  0  0  0  0
 12 13  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

HMDB0001879
     RDKit          3D
Aspirin
 21 21  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.5316    0.6379   -0.0102 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1580    0.1251    0.1683 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8138   -0.2915    1.3031 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2242    0.0791   -0.8553 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0566   -0.4268   -0.5838 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3033   -1.7745   -0.7438 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5441   -2.3156   -0.4894 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.5738   -1.5129   -0.0656 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3290   -0.1680    0.0945 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0849    0.4094   -0.1547 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8648    1.8247    0.0242 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2569    2.3068   -0.2071 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8776    2.6495    0.4470 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8250    1.3728    0.7771 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7130    1.0706   -0.9945 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2314   -0.2279    0.1291 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.4930   -2.4275   -1.0769 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7638   -3.3748   -0.6079 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.5541   -1.9416    0.1352 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1137    0.5116    0.4289 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1812    3.4738   -0.0560 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  2  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  2  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 11 13  1  0
 10  5  1  0
  1 14  1  0
  1 15  1  0
  1 16  1  0
  6 17  1  0
  7 18  1  0
  8 19  1  0
  9 20  1  0
 13 21  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

945
  Mrv1652305271900032D          

 13 13  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.0791   -0.0495    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -1.2870    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080   -1.6995    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.7755    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  5  1  0  0  0  0
  1 12  1  0  0  0  0
  2 11  1  0  0  0  0
  3 11  2  0  0  0  0
  4 12  2  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
  6  8  2  0  0  0  0
  6 11  1  0  0  0  0
  7  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 10  2  0  0  0  0
 12 13  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0001879

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)

> <INCHI_KEY>
BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C9H8O4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
180.1574

> <EXACT_MASS>
180.042258744

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
21

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
17.104469525543394

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
1

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
1.43

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
1.238089698333333

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-2.09

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
1

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
3.4147992082888385

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
-7.144798751338897

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
63.6

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
44.4466

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.46e+00 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
aspirin

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

HMDB0001879
     RDKit          3D
Aspirin
 21 21  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.5316    0.6379   -0.0102 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1580    0.1251    0.1683 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8138   -0.2915    1.3031 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2242    0.0791   -0.8553 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0566   -0.4268   -0.5838 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3033   -1.7745   -0.7438 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5441   -2.3156   -0.4894 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.5738   -1.5129   -0.0656 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3290   -0.1680    0.0945 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0849    0.4094   -0.1547 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8648    1.8247    0.0242 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2569    2.3068   -0.2071 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8776    2.6495    0.4470 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8250    1.3728    0.7771 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7130    1.0706   -0.9945 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2314   -0.2279    0.1291 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.4930   -2.4275   -1.0769 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7638   -3.3748   -0.6079 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.5541   -1.9416    0.1352 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1137    0.5116    0.4289 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1812    3.4738   -0.0560 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  2  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  2  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 11 13  1  0
 10  5  1  0
  1 14  1  0
  1 15  1  0
  1 16  1  0
  6 17  1  0
  7 18  1  0
  8 19  1  0
  9 20  1  0
 13 21  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 945                                               
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       5.748  -0.092   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0       9.748   2.218   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0       7.081   2.218   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0       4.414  -2.402   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0       7.081  -0.862   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0       8.415  -0.092   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       7.081  -2.402   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0       9.748  -0.862   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0       8.415  -3.172   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0       9.748  -2.402   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0       8.415   1.448   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  C   UNK     0       4.414  -0.862   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   13  C   UNK     0       3.080  -0.092   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    5   12                                                       
CONECT    2   11                                                            
CONECT    3   11                                                            
CONECT    4   12                                                            
CONECT    5    1    6    7                                                  
CONECT    6    5    8   11                                                  
CONECT    7    5    9                                                       
CONECT    8    6   10                                                       
CONECT    9    7   10                                                       
CONECT   10    8    9                                                       
CONECT   11    2    3    6                                                  
CONECT   12    1    4   13                                                  
CONECT   13   12                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   13    0   26    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

COMPND    HMDB0001879
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1       3.532   0.638  -0.010  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  C2  UNL     1       2.158   0.125   0.168  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  O1  UNL     1       1.814  -0.292   1.303  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    4  O2  UNL     1       1.224   0.079  -0.855  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    5  C3  UNL     1      -0.057  -0.427  -0.584  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C4  UNL     1      -0.303  -1.775  -0.744  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  C5  UNL     1      -1.544  -2.316  -0.489  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  C6  UNL     1      -2.574  -1.513  -0.066  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  C7  UNL     1      -2.329  -0.168   0.094  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  C8  UNL     1      -1.085   0.409  -0.155  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  C9  UNL     1      -0.865   1.825   0.024  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   12  O3  UNL     1       0.257   2.307  -0.207  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   13  O4  UNL     1      -1.878   2.650   0.447  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   14  H1  UNL     1       3.825   1.373   0.777  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H2  UNL     1       3.713   1.071  -0.995  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H3  UNL     1       4.231  -0.228   0.129  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H4  UNL     1       0.493  -2.428  -1.077  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H5  UNL     1      -1.764  -3.375  -0.608  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H6  UNL     1      -3.554  -1.942   0.135  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H7  UNL     1      -3.114   0.512   0.429  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H8  UNL     1      -2.181   3.474  -0.056  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   14   15   16
CONECT    2    3    3    4
CONECT    4    5
CONECT    5    6    6   10
CONECT    6    7   17
CONECT    7    8    8   18
CONECT    8    9   19
CONECT    9   10   10   20
CONECT   10   11
CONECT   11   12   12   13
CONECT   13   21
END
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SMILES for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0001879 (Aspirin)

InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-(ACETYLOXY)benzoIC ACIDChEBI
2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acidChEBI
2-Acetoxybenzoic acidChEBI
AcetylsalicylateChEBI
AcetylsalicylsaeureChEBI
Acide 2-(acetyloxy)benzoiqueChEBI
Acide acetylsalicyliqueChEBI
Acido acetilsalicilicoChEBI
Acidum acetylsalicylicumChEBI
ASAChEBI
AzetylsalizylsaeureChEBI
EasprinChEBI
O-Acetoxybenzoic acidChEBI
O-Acetylsalicylic acidChEBI
O-Carboxyphenyl acetateChEBI
Salicylic acid acetateChEBI
Acetylsalicylic acidKegg
AspalonKegg
DurlazaKegg
2-(ACETYLOXY)benzoateGenerator
2-AcetoxybenzenecarboxylateGenerator
2-AcetoxybenzoateGenerator
O-AcetoxybenzoateGenerator
O-AcetylsalicylateGenerator
O-Carboxyphenyl acetic acidGenerator
Salicylate acetateGenerator
Salicylic acid acetic acidGenerator
2-Carboxyphenyl acetateHMDB
AcenterineHMDB
AcetardHMDB
AceticylHMDB
AcetolHMDB
AcetonylHMDB
AcetophenHMDB
AcetosalHMDB
AcetosalinHMDB
AcetylinHMDB
AcetyonylHMDB
AcetysalHMDB, MeSH
Acetysalicylic acidHMDB
AcylpyrinHMDB, MeSH
AsatardHMDB
AspergumHMDB
AspirdropsHMDB
BenaspirHMDB
BialpiriniaHMDB
BufferinHMDB
CaprinHMDB
CardioaspirinaHMDB
EcolenHMDB
EcotrinHMDB, MeSH
EmpirinHMDB
EndosprinHMDB, MeSH
EndydolHMDB
O-(Acetyloxy)benzoateHMDB
O-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acidHMDB
PersistinHMDB
PharmacinHMDB
PolopirynaHMDB, MeSH
PremaspinHMDB
RheumintablettenHMDB
RhodineHMDB
SalcetogenHMDB
SaletinHMDB
SalospirHMDB
SolprinHMDB, MeSH
Solprin acidHMDB
SolpyronHMDB
TasprinHMDB
TemperalHMDB
ToldexHMDB
TriaminicinHMDB
MagnecylMeSH, HMDB
PolopirinMeSH, HMDB
SolupsanMeSH, HMDB
ZorprinMeSH, HMDB
DisprilMeSH, HMDB
AloxiprimumMeSH, HMDB
ColfaritMeSH, HMDB
MicristinMeSH, HMDB
Acid, acetylsalicylicMeSH, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC9H8O4
Average Molecular Weight180.1574
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight180.042258744
IUPAC Name2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid
Traditional Nameaspirin
CAS Registry Number50-78-2
SMILES
CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyBSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylsalicylic acids. These are o-acylated derivatives of salicylic acid.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBenzoic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentAcylsalicylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Acylsalicylic acid
  • Phenol ester
  • Benzoic acid
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Benzoyl
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Industrial applicationBiological roleIndirect biological role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point135 °CNot Available
Boiling Point321.39 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility5295 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP1.19HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.46 g/LALOGPS
logP1.43ALOGPS
logP1.24ChemAxon
logS-2.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.41ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-7.1ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area63.6 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity44.45 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.1 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+139.57431661259
DarkChem[M-H]-136.54131661259
AllCCS[M+H]+137.93132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-134.72332859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+135.44530932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-131.71930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-169.15130932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+144.68930932474
AllCCS[M+H]+137.932859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+133.732859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+141.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+143.132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-134.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-135.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-136.432859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
AspirinCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O2560.2Standard polar33892256
AspirinCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O1439.8Standard non polar33892256
AspirinCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O1559.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Aspirin,1TMS,isomer #1CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1548.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Aspirin,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1777.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-2960000000-ffcb8d28ab7e460b0da82014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-006w-2910000000-910e8ce2493a05870b332014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dl-9400000000-64327d3bef0063cf4fe12017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin CI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-0900000000-113943b65024522c17122017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014i-1590000000-7890c99ca2b0e2c4ff192017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-2960000000-ffcb8d28ab7e460b0da82017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-006w-2910000000-910e8ce2493a05870b332017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-006w-2900000000-253eb678a85f77d4ba612017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000f-8900000000-760033c820b78b9452ed2017-08-28Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00dl-9830000000-b3fcef47ab2b2ba0e7d12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Aspirin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-00dl-6900000000-74f8a29aa18d0c3afe982014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00kr-6900000000-324f46e8def1652ed4bf2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-cdf64eaf75083da6f3552012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-ee75806b6fb8a38fd6972012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin EI-B (Unknown) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00dl-9400000000-64327d3bef0063cf4fe12012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin CI-B (Unknown) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-0900000000-113943b65024522c17122012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1900000000-bc50013edb10656e0aa42017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-2900000000-8c55c1f8d7cb7f247a5d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-000l-9700000000-d475fd0478daf18a419a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9100000000-3daaf3c8697e17e678692017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-ee876bcdd1a5c7c229a02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-cd4e1f8fe0a2bbc869f92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-4dca49851b5b9fd03d1a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-00kf-9000000000-4611655c6aff89d706eb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-014l-9000000000-4d636e2d7318b857528d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ot-0900000000-1256ca04e4244fbc4a642017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ot-0900000000-2cae7e19320bfa1a03a02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ot-0900000000-42f69c49b256900b75242017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ot-0900000000-4860d5cbeeb9c31311ec2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-006t-3900000000-cc185048e2a1bcc521242017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-96fcc874bfbf44a6ce6c2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0019-1900000000-8ea2ab1846fc78de42622017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0fkc-9700000000-53fc1f45243a05bf1c172017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-002r-1900000000-421bc1739eeb6dced80a2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000l-4900000000-1c7dec3a4993a5b23cd82017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aspirin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9100000000-81a6114ec99ac0f0f3932017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Platelet
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified26.5 +/- 1.9 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.198 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00945
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000894
KNApSAcK IDC00054084
Chemspider ID2157
KEGG Compound IDC01405
BioCyc IDCPD-524
BiGG ID45400
Wikipedia LinkAspirin
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound2244
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15365
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1097491
References
Synthesis ReferenceChen, Hong; Long, Xiang; Huang, Siqing. Synthesis of aspirin with vitamin C as catalyst. Huaxue Shijie (2004), 45(12), 642-643.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Markuszewski L, Rosiak M, Golanski J, Rysz J, Spychalska M, Watala C: Reduced blood platelet sensitivity to aspirin in coronary artery disease: are dyslipidaemia and inflammatory states possible factors predisposing to sub-optimal platelet response to aspirin? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 May;98(5):503-9. [PubMed:16635110 ]
  2. Frelinger AL 3rd, Furman MI, Linden MD, Li Y, Fox ML, Barnard MR, Michelson AD: Residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation via an adenosine diphosphate-dependent but cyclooxygenase-1- and cyclooxygenase-2-independent pathway: a 700-patient study of aspirin resistance. Circulation. 2006 Jun 27;113(25):2888-96. Epub 2006 Jun 19. [PubMed:16785341 ]
  3. Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Thom J, Claxton A, Yi Q, Gilmore G, Staton J, Barden A, Norman PE: Enhanced antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in patients whose platelets are least inhibited by aspirin: a randomized crossover trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Dec;3(12):2649-55. [PubMed:16359503 ]
  4. Eikelboom J, Feldman M, Mehta SR, Michelson AD, Oates JA, Topol E: Aspirin resistance and its implications in clinical practice. MedGenMed. 2005 Jul 11;7(3):76. [PubMed:16369302 ]
  5. Konrad CJ, Schuepfer GK, Gerber H, Rukwied R, Schmelz M, Schley M: Duration of effects of aspirin on platelet function in healthy volunteers: an analysis using the PFA-100. J Clin Anesth. 2006 Feb;18(1):12-7. [PubMed:16517326 ]
  6. Faraday N, Becker DM, Yanek LR, Herrera-Galeano JE, Segal JB, Moy TF, Bray PF, Becker LC: Relation between atherosclerosis risk factors and aspirin resistance in a primary prevention population. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Sep 15;98(6):774-9. Epub 2006 Jul 28. [PubMed:16950183 ]
  7. Lee SH, Rhim T, Choi YS, Min JW, Kim SH, Cho SY, Paik YK, Park CS: Complement C3a and C4a increased in plasma of patients with aspirin-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb 15;173(4):370-8. Epub 2005 Nov 17. [PubMed:16293803 ]
  8. Perneby C, Wallen NH, Rooney C, Fitzgerald D, Hjemdahl P: Dose- and time-dependent antiplatelet effects of aspirin. Thromb Haemost. 2006 Apr;95(4):652-8. [PubMed:16601836 ]
  9. Maree AO, Curtin RJ, Chubb A, Dolan C, Cox D, O'Brien J, Crean P, Shields DC, Fitzgerald DJ: Cyclooxygenase-1 haplotype modulates platelet response to aspirin. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Oct;3(10):2340-5. Epub 2005 Sep 9. [PubMed:16150050 ]
  10. Satoh K, Ozaki Y: [Attempts for aspirin monitoring with a new assay system, Ultegra Rapid Platelet Function Assay (RPFA), based on turbidimetric platelet agglutination of whole blood samples]. Rinsho Byori. 2006 Jun;54(6):576-82. [PubMed:16872006 ]
  11. Cornelissen J, Kirtland S, Lim E, Goddard M, Bellm S, Sheridan K, Large S, Vuylsteke A: Biological efficacy of low against medium dose aspirin regimen after coronary surgery: analysis of platelet function. Thromb Haemost. 2006 Mar;95(3):476-82. [PubMed:16525576 ]
  12. Eliasson B, Cederholm J, Nilsson P, Gudbjornsdottir S: The gap between guidelines and reality: Type 2 diabetes in a National Diabetes Register 1996-2003. Diabet Med. 2005 Oct;22(10):1420-6. [PubMed:16176206 ]
  13. Zailaie MZ: Aspirin reduces serum anti-melanocyte antibodies and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in vitiligo patients. Saudi Med J. 2005 Jul;26(7):1085-91. [PubMed:16047057 ]
  14. Aktas B, Pozgajova M, Bergmeier W, Sunnarborg S, Offermanns S, Lee D, Wagner DD, Nieswandt B: Aspirin induces platelet receptor shedding via ADAM17 (TACE). J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 2;280(48):39716-22. Epub 2005 Sep 22. [PubMed:16179345 ]
  15. Maree AO, Curtin RJ, Dooley M, Conroy RM, Crean P, Cox D, Fitzgerald DJ: Platelet response to low-dose enteric-coated aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Oct 4;46(7):1258-63. [PubMed:16198840 ]
  16. Lev EI, Patel RT, Maresh KJ, Guthikonda S, Granada J, DeLao T, Bray PF, Kleiman NS: Aspirin and clopidogrel drug response in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the role of dual drug resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jan 3;47(1):27-33. Epub 2005 Dec 9. [PubMed:16386660 ]
  17. Sun W, Gerhardinger C, Dagher Z, Hoehn T, Lorenzi M: Aspirin at low-intermediate concentrations protects retinal vessels in experimental diabetic retinopathy through non-platelet-mediated effects. Diabetes. 2005 Dec;54(12):3418-26. [PubMed:16306357 ]
  18. Tantry US, Bliden KP, Gurbel PA: Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Nov 1;46(9):1705-9. Epub 2005 Oct 10. [PubMed:16256872 ]
  19. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, Lopez JE, Mojon A, Rodriguez M, Fernandez JR: Differing administration time-dependent effects of aspirin on blood pressure in dipper and non-dipper hypertensives. Hypertension. 2005 Oct;46(4):1060-8. Epub 2005 Aug 8. [PubMed:16087788 ]
  20. Savion N, Varon D: Impact--the cone and plate(let) analyzer: testing platelet function and anti-platelet drug response. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006;35(1-2):83-8. [PubMed:16855351 ]
  21. Authors unspecified: Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988 Aug 13;2(8607):349-60. [PubMed:2899772 ]
  22. Sneader W: The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal. BMJ. 2000 Dec 23-30;321(7276):1591-4. [PubMed:11124191 ]
  23. Macdonald S: Aspirin use to be banned in under 16 year olds. BMJ. 2002 Nov 2;325(7371):988. [PubMed:12411346 ]
  24. Aukerman G, Knutson D, Miser WF: Management of the acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Dec 1;66(11):2123-30. [PubMed:12484694 ]
  25. Dorsch MP, Lee JS, Lynch DR, Dunn SP, Rodgers JE, Schwartz T, Colby E, Montague D, Smyth SS: Aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 May;41(5):737-41. Epub 2007 Apr 24. [PubMed:17456544 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Converts progesterone to its inactive form, 20-alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone (20-alpha-OHP). In the liver and intestine, may have a role in the transport of bile. May have a role in monitoring the intrahepatic bile acid concentration. Has a low bile-binding ability. May play a role in myelin formation.
Gene Name:
AKR1C1
Uniprot ID:
Q04828
Molecular weight:
36788.02
References
  1. Dhagat U, Carbone V, Chung RP, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Hara A, El-Kabbani O: A salicylic acid-based analogue discovered from virtual screening as a potent inhibitor of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Med Chem. 2007 Nov;3(6):546-50. [PubMed:18045204 ]
Enzyme Details
2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
Gene Name:
PTGS2
Uniprot ID:
P35354
Molecular weight:
68995.625
References
  1. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Sliwowski Z, Kwiecien S, Drozdowicz D, Pawlik M, Mach K, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW: Interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of humans and experimental animals. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 3:67-79. [PubMed:17033106 ]
  2. Wang HJ, Liu XJ, Yang KX, Luo FM, Lou JY, Peng ZL: [Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib on expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ovarian carcinoma cell]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 Sep;37(5):757-60. [PubMed:17037745 ]
  3. Shen J, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM: Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8(6):R71. [PubMed:17181859 ]
  4. Nakano M, Denda N, Matsumoto M, Kawamura M, Kawakubo Y, Hatanaka K, Hiramoto Y, Sato Y, Noshiro M, Harada Y: Interaction between cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-products modulates COX-2 expression in the late phase of acute inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 22;559(2-3):210-8. Epub 2006 Dec 16. [PubMed:17258197 ]
  5. Hall MN, Campos H, Li H, Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ma J: Blood levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, aspirin, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Feb;16(2):314-21. [PubMed:17301265 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
Enzyme Details
3. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells.
Gene Name:
PTGS1
Uniprot ID:
P23219
Molecular weight:
68685.82
References
  1. Stevenson DD, Szczeklik A: Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Oct;118(4):773-86; quiz 787-8. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [PubMed:17030227 ]
  2. Flipo RM: [Are the NSAIDs able to compromising the cardio-preventive efficacy of aspirin?]. Presse Med. 2006 Sep;35(9 Spec No 1):1S53-60. [PubMed:17078596 ]
  3. Schwartz KA: Aspirin resistance: a review of diagnostic methodology, mechanisms, and clinical utility. Adv Clin Chem. 2006;42:81-110. [PubMed:17131625 ]
  4. Birnbaum Y, Ye Y, Lin Y, Freeberg SY, Huang MH, Perez-Polo JR, Uretsky BF: Aspirin augments 15-epi-lipoxin A4 production by lipopolysaccharide, but blocks the pioglitazone and atorvastatin induction of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the rat heart. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2007 Feb;83(1-2):89-98. Epub 2006 Nov 7. [PubMed:17259075 ]
  5. Guthikonda S, Lev EI, Patel R, DeLao T, Bergeron AL, Dong JF, Kleiman NS: Reticulated platelets and uninhibited COX-1 and COX-2 decrease the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Mar;5(3):490-6. [PubMed:17319904 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
Enzyme Details
4. Cytochrome P450 2C9
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
Enzyme Details
5. Cytochrome P450 2C19
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
Enzyme Details
6. Cytochrome P450 2C8
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol).
Gene Name:
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID:
P10632
Molecular weight:
55824.275
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]

Transporters

Enzyme Details
1. Multidrug resistance protein 1
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells
Gene Name:
ABCB1
Uniprot ID:
P08183
Molecular weight:
141477.3
References
  1. Faassen F, Vogel G, Spanings H, Vromans H: Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22. [PubMed:12954186 ]
Enzyme Details
2. Solute carrier family 22 member 6
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate
Gene Name:
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID:
Q4U2R8
Molecular weight:
61815.8
References
  1. Apiwattanakul N, Sekine T, Chairoungdua A, Kanai Y, Nakajima N, Sophasan S, Endou H: Transport properties of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by organic anion transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(5):847-54. [PubMed:10220563 ]
Enzyme Details
3. Solute carrier family 22 member 7
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate
Gene Name:
SLC22A7
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y694
Molecular weight:
60025.0
References
  1. Sekine T, Cha SH, Tsuda M, Apiwattanakul N, Nakajima N, Kanai Y, Endou H: Identification of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 expressed predominantly in the liver. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jun 12;429(2):179-82. [PubMed:9650585 ]