Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Predicted |
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Creation Date | 2021-03-31 20:01:11 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-10-24 19:45:32 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0241885 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine |
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Description | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review (PMID: 35710135 ), acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748 ). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulin's inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774 ). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903 ). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available (PMID: 35710135 ). |
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Structure | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C InChI=1S/C27H51NO7/c1-5-6-9-12-20(29)15-16-23-22(24(30)18-25(23)31)13-10-7-8-11-14-27(34)35-21(17-26(32)33)19-28(2,3)4/h20-25,29-31H,5-19H2,1-4H3 |
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Synonyms | Not Available |
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Chemical Formula | C27H51NO7 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 501.705 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 501.366552986 |
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IUPAC Name | 3-({7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]heptanoyl}oxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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Traditional Name | 3-({7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]heptanoyl}oxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate |
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CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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SMILES | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C27H51NO7/c1-5-6-9-12-20(29)15-16-23-22(24(30)18-25(23)31)13-10-7-8-11-14-27(34)35-21(17-26(32)33)19-28(2,3)4/h20-25,29-31H,5-19H2,1-4H3 |
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InChI Key | JTPMJFFDTWCMDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as prostaglandins and related compounds. These are unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring, and are based upon the fatty acid arachidonic acid. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Eicosanoids |
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Direct Parent | Prostaglandins and related compounds |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Prostaglandin skeleton
- Acyl-carnitine
- Fatty acid ester
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Cyclopentanol
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic salt
- Organic zwitterion
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Not Available |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedMetabolite | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C | 3468.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C | 2294.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C | 3515.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
DerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 3612.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TMS,isomer #2 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 3569.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TMS,isomer #3 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 3567.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 3544.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 3544.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 3555.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 3476.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3858.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 3790.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 3787.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC(O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 4013.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 4018.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CCCCCC(O)CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C | 4008.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCCC(CCC1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 4181.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | Not Available | 2021-04-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOF | Not Available | 2021-04-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOF | Not Available | 2021-04-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0000090000-eef75e1a40465b91ea9e | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0f79-9000050000-a75dc80f187289f7a212 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]cyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-e9262cbaff8cb4ad0ba6 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | Not Available |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | Not Available |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | Not Available |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Blazenovic I, Kind T, Sa MR, Ji J, Vaniya A, Wancewicz B, Roberts BS, Torbasinovic H, Lee T, Mehta SS, Showalter MR, Song H, Kwok J, Jahn D, Kim J, Fiehn O: Structure Annotation of All Mass Spectra in Untargeted Metabolomics. Anal Chem. 2019 Feb 5;91(3):2155-2162. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04698. Epub 2019 Jan 16. [PubMed:30608141 ]
- FRITZ IB: Action of carnitine on long chain fatty acid oxidation by liver. Am J Physiol. 1959 Aug;197:297-304. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.297. [PubMed:13825279 ]
- Reuter SE, Evans AM: Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012 Sep 1;51(9):553-72. doi: 10.1007/BF03261931. [PubMed:22804748 ]
- Bruce CR, Hoy AJ, Turner N, Watt MJ, Allen TL, Carpenter K, Cooney GJ, Febbraio MA, Kraegen EW: Overexpression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in skeletal muscle is sufficient to enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2009 Mar;58(3):550-8. doi: 10.2337/db08-1078. Epub 2008 Dec 10. [PubMed:19073774 ]
- Schooneman MG, Vaz FM, Houten SM, Soeters MR: Acylcarnitines: reflecting or inflicting insulin resistance? Diabetes. 2013 Jan;62(1):1-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0466. [PubMed:23258903 ]
- Ahmad T, Kelly JP, McGarrah RW, Hellkamp AS, Fiuzat M, Testani JM, Wang TS, Verma A, Samsky MD, Donahue MP, Ilkayeva OR, Bowles DE, Patel CB, Milano CA, Rogers JG, Felker GM, O'Connor CM, Shah SH, Kraus WE: Prognostic Implications of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines in Heart Failure and Reversibility With Mechanical Circulatory Support. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jan 26;67(3):291-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.079. [PubMed:26796394 ]
- Yu D, Zhou L, Xuan Q, Wang L, Zhao X, Lu X, Xu G: Strategy for Comprehensive Identification of Acylcarnitines Based on Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2018 May 1;90(9):5712-5718. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05471. Epub 2018 Apr 20. [PubMed:29651844 ]
- Yan X, Markey SP, Marupaka R, Dong Q, Cooper BT, Mirokhin YA, Wallace WE, Stein SE: Mass Spectral Library of Acylcarnitines Derived from Human Urine. Anal Chem. 2020 May 5;92(9):6521-6528. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00129. Epub 2020 Apr 23. [PubMed:32271007 ]
- Zuniga A, Li L: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for comprehensive analysis of urinary acylcarnitines. Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Mar 9;689(1):77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.018. Epub 2011 Jan 18. [PubMed:21338760 ]
- Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schioth HB: Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev. 2022 Jul;74(3):506-551. doi: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408. [PubMed:35710135 ]
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