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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 01:21:40 UTC
Update Date2021-10-01 19:09:40 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0248191
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common Namealpha-Bungarotoxin
Descriptionbeta-Bungarotoxin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as brevetoxins and derivatives. These are a group of cyclic polyether compounds produced naturally by a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis. They contain a Pentaoxapentacycloheptacos- 23-en-7-one derivative (type a brevetoxin) or a pentaoxapentacyclotetracosa- 8,23-dien-7-one derivative (type b brevetoxin). Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. beta-Bungarotoxin acts at the presynaptic terminal, where it causes release of acetylcholine and subsequent exhaustion of acetylcholine stores in the nerve terminal by binding to proteins, most commonly actin. It is a neurotoxin and acts at the presynaptic terminal, where it causes release of acetylcholine and subsequent exhaustion of acetylcholine stores in the nerve terminal. beta-Bungarotoxin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). beta-Bungarotoxin is a potentially toxic compound. beta-Bungarotoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Many-banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. It can also block voltage-gated potassium channels. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Alpha-bungarotoxin is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically alpha-Bungarotoxin is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
b-BungarotoxinGenerator
Β-bungarotoxinGenerator
Chemical FormulaC50H70O14
Average Molecular Weight895.0824
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight894.476556948
IUPAC Name2-({12-hydroxy-1,3,11,24,31,41,44-heptamethyl-39-oxo-2,6,10,15,19,25,29,34,38,43,47-undecaoxaundecacyclo[26.22.0.0³,²⁶.0⁵,²⁴.0⁷,²⁰.0⁹,¹⁸.0¹¹,¹⁶.0³⁰,⁴⁸.0³³,⁴⁶.0³⁵,⁴⁴.0³⁷,⁴²]pentaconta-21,40-dien-14-yl}methyl)prop-2-enal
Traditional Nameβ-bungarotoxin
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CC1CC2OC3CC4OC(=O)C=C(C)C4OC3(C)CC2OC2CCC3(C)OC4(C)CC5OC6CC7OC8(C)C(O)CC(CC(=C)C=O)OC8CC7OC6C=CCC5(C)OC4CC3OC12
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C50H70O14/c1-25(24-51)14-28-17-37(52)50(8)41(54-28)19-33-34(61-50)18-32-29(55-33)10-9-12-46(4)42(58-32)23-49(7)40(62-46)21-39-47(5,64-49)13-11-30-44(60-39)26(2)15-31-36(56-30)22-48(6)38(57-31)20-35-45(63-48)27(3)16-43(53)59-35/h9-10,16,24,26,28-42,44-45,52H,1,11-15,17-23H2,2-8H3
InChI KeyLYTCVQQGCSNFJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as brevetoxins and derivatives. These are a group of cyclic polyether compounds produced naturally by a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis. They contain a Pentaoxapentacycloheptacos- 23-en-7-one derivative (type a brevetoxin) or a pentaoxapentacyclotetracosa- 8,23-dien-7-one derivative (type b brevetoxin).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassBrevetoxins and derivatives
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentBrevetoxins and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Brevetoxin type b fragment
  • Dihydropyranone
  • Oxepane
  • Pyran
  • Oxane
  • Monosaccharide
  • Alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde
  • Enal
  • Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester
  • Enoate ester
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Lactone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Ether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Alcohol
  • Aldehyde
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP3.41ALOGPS
logP3.67ChemAxon
logS-5.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.84ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count13ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area155.9 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity230.12 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability95.73 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings11ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
AllCCS[M+H]+290.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+290.132859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+291.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+291.332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-296.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-303.832859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-311.532859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Not Available
Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-002b-1110100090-f52d89327407d8e247bb2019-02-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0ar0-8104002490-36630de587199c691ab32019-02-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9100202020-f25110859e5cdabb20332019-02-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0005-3010212190-87e3b4cab2d6cb99b2c02019-02-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-057j-1900012010-cdcf7c2b0d39c29b68262019-02-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-067j-1963110100-b6d674c934a7d62e62bf2019-02-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0000000090-e0bab015c3ca5a083e872021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004j-1001020090-76086aa3f00ce962ac002021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004s-1320301590-fed1c5b05894cd4fe3952021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0000000090-bcc229441def9680e1892021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kf-3100000090-f2d840d4f7a5a7917b9e2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Bungarotoxin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-9100003160-950c0721b929423a26fc2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkBeta-bungarotoxin
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound2432
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in acetylcholine receptor activity
Specific function:
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane
Gene Name:
CHRNA7
Uniprot ID:
P36544
Molecular weight:
56450.0
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Snake venom phospholipase A2 that may have a strong anticoagulant activity (PubMed:21185324). Is able to suppress the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked current mediated by alpha-7-similar nAChRs in L.stagnalis neurons (IC(50)=10.5 uM) and to compete with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to muscle- and alpha-7 neuronal nAChR types, as well as to AChBPs (PubMed:25522251). In inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding, this toxin is mostly active against T.californica nAChR (IC(50)=0.26 uM), it is moderately active against human alpha-7 nAChR (IC(50)=14 uM), and is not active against L.stagnalis and A.californica AChBP (IC(50)>30 uM) (PubMed:25522251).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
F8QN54
Molecular weight:
15636.015
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
PLA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides (Probable). Is able to suppress the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked current mediated by alpha-7-similar nAChRs in L.stagnalis neurons (IC(50)=37 nM) and to compete with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to muscle- and alpha-7 neuronal nAChR types, as well as to AChBPs (PubMed:25522251). In inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding, this toxin is similarly active against T.californica nAChR (IC(50)=1.2 uM), human alpha-7 nAChR (IC(50)=3.2 uM), and L.stagnalis AChBP (IC(50)=1.0 uM), whereas it is not active against A.californica AChBP (IC(50)>100 uM) (PubMed:25522251).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
P00596
Molecular weight:
16271.225
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Monomer: shows cytolytic activity (apoptosis is induced in C2C12 cells, but no cytotoxicity is observed on INS-1E) (PubMed:18381281, PubMed:22807058). In addition, this toxin shows insulinotropic activity that may be mediated by the modulation of potassium channels (Kv) (PubMed:22807058). It induces the increase of intracellular calcium release (PubMed:24552570). It induces insulin secretion from rat INS-1E cells in absence and in presence of glucose, without affecting cell viability and integrity (PubMed:22807058). In presence of glucose, the insulinotropic activity is increased, suggesting a possible synergistic effect with glucose (PubMed:22807058). Its insulinotropic activity does not involve GLP-1R signaling (PubMed:22807058, PubMed:24552570).Heterodimer: has no cytolytic activity, but retains most of the alpha-cobratoxin capacity to compete with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to Torpedo and alpha-7/CHRNA7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) as well as to Lymnea stagnalis acetylcholine-binding protein.
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
P60305
Molecular weight:
6701.105
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Alpha-conotoxins act on postsynaptic membranes, they bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and thus inhibit them. This toxin blocks neuronal mammalian alpha-7 (human and rat) and alpha-3/beta-2 (human) and muscle alpha-1-beta-1-delta-epsilon (human) nAChRs (PubMed:12384509, PubMed:15609996). Acts voltage-independently (PubMed:12384509). Does not competes with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to the receptor (PubMed:12384509, PubMed:15609996). Binds to a different site than alpha-conotoxin ImI (PubMed:15609996).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
Q8I6R5
Molecular weight:
2096.46
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Alpha-conotoxins act on postsynaptic membranes, they bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and thus inhibit them. This toxin blocks neuronal alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 (human and rat), alpha-7/CHRNA7 (human and rat), and alpha-3-beta-4/CHRNA3-CHRNB4 (human) nAChRs (PubMed:8206995, PubMed:15609996, PubMed:19131337). Acts voltage-independently (PubMed:15609996). Competes with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to the receptor (PubMed:12384509, PubMed:15609996). Binds to a different site than alpha-conotoxin ImII (PubMed:15609996). Is highly active against the neuromuscular receptor in frog (PubMed:8206995). Also exhibits inhibition of D.melanogaster alpha-7 nAChRs (PubMed:25466886).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
P50983
Molecular weight:
1938.26
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Weak blocker of potassium channels Kv1.1/KCNA1 (IC(50)=9.9 uM) and Kv1.6/KCNA6 (~60% block at 30 uM of toxin) (PubMed:22305749). Acts by binding to the pore and occluding it (PubMed:22305749). Has a voltage-dependent mode of action, which can be explained by a high content of basic residues causing repulsions at higher membrane voltages (PubMed:22305749). Shows a weak interaction with muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), since it inhibits alpha-bungarotoxin binding to muscle-type nAChR from T.californica (IC(50)=1.4 uM) (PubMed:31276191). This suggests it probably weakly inhibits muscle nAChR (PubMed:31276191).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
P0DJ41
Molecular weight:
8379.705
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Antagonist of Kv1/KCNA potassium channels (Ref.1, Ref.2). Shows a weak interaction with muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), since it inhibits alpha-bungarotoxin binding to both muscle-type nAChR from T.californica (IC(50)=490 nM) (PubMed:31276191). This suggests it probably weakly inhibits nAChR (PubMed:31276191).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
P84094
Molecular weight:
3709.325
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Snake venom phospholipase A2 that causes internal bleeding, shows very strong anticoagulant activities and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation (PubMed:21185324). Shows very low cytotoxicity (PubMed:21185324). Is not able (or very weakly) to suppress the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked current mediated by alpha-7-similar nAChRs in L.stagnalis neurons (IC(50)>30 uM) and to compete with alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to muscle- and alpha-7 neuronal nAChR types, as well as to AChBPs (PubMed:25522251). In inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding, this toxin is similarly active against T.californica nAChR (IC(50)>100 uM), human alpha-7 nAChR (IC(50)=29 uM), and L.stagnalis AChBP (IC(50)>30 uM) (PubMed:25522251).
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
F8QN53
Molecular weight:
15316.3