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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 22:34:37 UTC
Update Date2021-09-26 23:17:28 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0259742
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameVal-Met
Description2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on 2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Val-met is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Val-Met is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-[(2-Amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoateGenerator
2-[(2-Amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-4-(methylsulphanyl)butanoateGenerator
2-[(2-Amino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-4-(methylsulphanyl)butanoic acidGenerator
L-Valyl-L-methionineHMDB
V-m DipeptideHMDB
Val-metHMDB
Valine methionine dipeptideHMDB
Valine-methionine dipeptideHMDB
ValylmethionineHMDB
VM DipeptideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC10H20N2O3S
Average Molecular Weight248.342
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight248.119463206
IUPAC Name2-(2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
Traditional Name2-(2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N)C(C)C)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H20N2O3S/c1-6(2)8(11)9(13)12-7(10(14)15)4-5-16-3/h6-8H,4-5,11H2,1-3H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)
InChI KeyYSGSDAIMSCVPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentDipeptides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-dipeptide
  • Methionine or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
  • Valine or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid amide
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • Thia fatty acid
  • Branched fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • Fatty amide
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxamide group
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Dialkylthioether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Sulfenyl compound
  • Thioether
  • Amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-0.93ALOGPS
logP-1.8ChemAxon
logS-1.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.93ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.51ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area92.42 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity63.88 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability26.53 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
AllCCS[M+H]+156.532859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+153.45132859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+160.13432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+159.32332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-156.56132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-157.70132859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-159.04632859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+156.44530932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-152.95730932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-189.21630932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+165.12830932474

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Val-MetCSCCC(NC(=O)C(N)C(C)C)C(O)=O3002.3Standard polar33892256
Val-MetCSCCC(NC(=O)C(N)C(C)C)C(O)=O1930.4Standard non polar33892256
Val-MetCSCCC(NC(=O)C(N)C(C)C)C(O)=O2052.8Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2099.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2031.0Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2622.4Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2018.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2057.7Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C3118.8Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2092.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2057.9Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2689.2Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O2238.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O2113.1Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O2847.5Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2086.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2110.2Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2383.1Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2230.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2173.5Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2445.3Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2251.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2204.6Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2563.7Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,4TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2261.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,4TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2266.6Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,4TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2259.4Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2545.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2446.7Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(NC(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2758.3Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2476.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2479.5Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3170.7Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2546.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2453.8Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2817.7Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2692.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2505.8Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,2TBDMS,isomer #4CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2910.4Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2751.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2682.5Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2719.2Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2912.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2728.5Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2714.5Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2915.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2735.4Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,3TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)O)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2804.8Standard polar33892256
Val-Met,4TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3139.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,4TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2972.4Standard non polar33892256
Val-Met,4TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)C(C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2693.8Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9310000000-0656ca4a805fc5e290532017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9110000000-3c533dc4ea3c126c54342017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Val-Met GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0ul1-5290000000-aadba19135e02e80180f2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0kmi-9410000000-99b36478d36067065a732017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-04d477ba5b92658158f02017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-5190000000-97323141b79f896112c22017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-9210000000-0a8a70db1c9976e0a0b02017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Val-Met 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-9100000000-59b4854acab60f5c3f552017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-10-27Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID258048
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem CompoundNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]