Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 17:29:45 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:52:07 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0029336
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB29336
Metabolite Identification
Common NameNummularine A
DescriptionNummularine A belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides are compounds containing a cyclic moiety bearing a peptide backbone. Nummularine A is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, nummularine a has been detected, but not quantified in, fruits. This could make nummularine a a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Structure
Data?1582753404
Synonyms
ValueSource
N-Demethylnummularine DHMDB
N-{1-[(13E)-10-(butan-2-yl)-8,11-dihydroxy-16-methoxy-2-oxa-6,9,12-triazatricyclo[13.3.1.0³,⁷]nonadeca-1(18),8,11,13,15(19),16-hexaen-6-yl]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl}-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropanimidateGenerator
Chemical FormulaC36H49N5O6
Average Molecular Weight647.8042
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight647.368284325
IUPAC Name(Z)-N-{1-[(8Z,11E,13E)-10-(butan-2-yl)-8,11-dihydroxy-16-methoxy-2-oxa-6,9,12-triazatricyclo[13.3.1.0³,⁷]nonadeca-1(18),8,11,13,15(19),16-hexaen-6-yl]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl}-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropimidic acid
Traditional Name(Z)-N-{1-[(8Z,11E,13E)-8,11-dihydroxy-16-methoxy-10-(sec-butyl)-2-oxa-6,9,12-triazatricyclo[13.3.1.0³,⁷]nonadeca-1(18),8,11,13,15(19),16-hexaen-6-yl]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl}-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropimidic acid
CAS Registry Number53947-95-8
SMILES
CCC(C)C1\N=C(O)\C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)\N=C(/O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)\C=C\N=C1\O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C36H49N5O6/c1-7-23(4)31-34(43)38-17-15-25-21-26(13-14-29(25)46-6)47-30-16-18-41(32(30)35(44)40-31)36(45)28(19-22(2)3)39-33(42)27(37-5)20-24-11-9-8-10-12-24/h8-15,17,21-23,27-28,30-32,37H,7,16,18-20H2,1-6H3,(H,38,43)(H,39,42)(H,40,44)/b17-15+
InChI KeyBZZQDUJJXJCFBF-BMRADRMJSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides are compounds containing a cyclic moiety bearing a peptide backbone.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentCyclic peptides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Cyclic alpha peptide
  • Leucine or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid amide
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • Amphetamine or derivatives
  • N-acylpyrrolidine
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Benzenoid
  • Tertiary carboxylic acid amide
  • Pyrrolidine
  • Cyclic carboximidic acid
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxamide group
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Carboximidic acid derivative
  • Secondary amine
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Carboximidic acid
  • Azacycle
  • Oxacycle
  • Ether
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point235 - 240 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0041 g/LALOGPS
logP3.64ALOGPS
logP2.92ChemAxon
logS-5.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.78ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.62ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area148.57 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count11ChemAxon
Refractivity180.47 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability69.83 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+246.37830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-244.55330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-277.79430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+252.00130932474
AllCCS[M+H]+256.832859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+256.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+257.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+257.732859911
AllCCS[M-H]-229.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-232.732859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-236.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Nummularine ACCC(C)C1\N=C(O)\C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)\N=C(/O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)\C=C\N=C1\O5765.1Standard polar33892256
Nummularine ACCC(C)C1\N=C(O)\C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)\N=C(/O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)\C=C\N=C1\O4696.8Standard non polar33892256
Nummularine ACCC(C)C1\N=C(O)\C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)\N=C(/O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)\C=C\N=C1\O4773.2Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Nummularine A,1TMS,isomer #1CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4685.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TMS,isomer #2CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4674.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TMS,isomer #3CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4762.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TMS,isomer #4CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4836.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #1CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4519.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #2CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4640.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #3CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4677.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #4CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4609.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #5CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4664.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TMS,isomer #6CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4762.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,3TMS,isomer #1CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4528.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,3TMS,isomer #2CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4542.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,3TMS,isomer #3CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4653.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,3TMS,isomer #4CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C4622.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4846.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TBDMS,isomer #2CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4846.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TBDMS,isomer #3CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C4914.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,1TBDMS,isomer #4CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O5021.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #1CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O4845.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #2CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C4939.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #3CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O5035.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #4CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C4924.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #5CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O5038.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Nummularine A,2TBDMS,isomer #6CCC(C)C1/N=C(\O)C2C(CCN2C(=O)C(CC(C)C)/N=C(\O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC2=CC=C(OC)C(=C2)/C=C/N=C\1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C5110.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-3901010000-211d0118b4b813416fe82017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_3_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Nummularine A GC-MS (TBDMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-17Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0012-0312609000-d83fd10c4e42f3fb225c2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001r-4911400000-bf2ac07e82c1975583ca2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001l-7903000000-e126d45f05086f2028e32017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0100009000-f296278994597cc955d32017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05ds-4628539000-54ab8a2f542263ce1df92017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05fs-6519511000-3c4b2b10f2825eccb0fc2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000b-0010509000-9de69b418f91f507d0182021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03dj-2908301000-55874e2c112a84f0b9bd2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-01ox-4729120000-db2737c05df1b99dfdb12021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0150509000-b0bb9cf94aa4a38e07c52021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0f6t-5591706000-48aff5cff0531c0d54c42021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Nummularine A 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9401000000-c014796ed5ff8d2420502021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000397
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDC10011
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound131750852
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .