Hmdb loader
Survey
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP01188
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 6484
Name Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
Synonyms
  1. CD221 antigen
  2. IGF-I receptor
  3. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor alpha chain
  4. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor beta chain
  5. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor
Gene Name IGF1R
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
Specific Function This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade. When present in a hybrid receptor with INSR, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Component
membrane
cell part
membrane part
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Function
protein tyrosine kinase activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
binding
catalytic activity
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
kinase activity
growth factor binding
nucleoside binding
purine nucleoside binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
adenyl ribonucleotide binding
atp binding
insulin-like growth factor binding
protein binding
protein kinase activity
Process
phosphorus metabolic process
phosphate metabolic process
enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
metabolic process
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
protein amino acid autophosphorylation
cellular metabolic process
protein amino acid phosphorylation
signaling
signaling pathway
cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway
phosphorylation
Cellular Location
  1. Membrane
  2. Single-pass type I membrane protein
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:1
Locus 15q26.3
SNPs IGF1R
Gene Sequence
>4104 bp
ATGAAGTCTGGCTCCGGAGGAGGGTCCCCGACCTCGCTGTGGGGGCTCCTGTTTCTCTCC
GCCGCGCTCTCGCTCTGGCCGACGAGTGGAGAAATCTGCGGGCCAGGCATCGACATCCGC
AACGACTATCAGCAGCTGAAGCGCCTGGAGAACTGCACGGTGATCGAGGGCTACCTCCAC
ATCCTGCTCATCTCCAAGGCCGAGGACTACCGCAGCTACCGCTTCCCCAAGCTCACGGTC
ATTACCGAGTACTTGCTGCTGTTCCGAGTGGCTGGCCTCGAGAGCCTCGGAGACCTCTTC
CCCAACCTCACGGTCATCCGCGGCTGGAAACTCTTCTACAACTACGCCCTGGTCATCTTC
GAGATGACCAATCTCAAGGATATTGGGCTTTACAACCTGAGGAACATTACTCGGGGGGCC
ATCAGGATTGAGAAAAATGCTGACCTCTGTTACCTCTCCACTGTGGACTGGTCCCTGATC
CTGGATGCGGTGTCCAATAACTACATTGTGGGGAATAAGCCCCCAAAGGAATGTGGGGAC
CTGTGTCCAGGGACCATGGAGGAGAAGCCGATGTGTGAGAAGACCACCATCAACAATGAG
TACAACTACCGCTGCTGGACCACAAACCGCTGCCAGAAAATGTGCCCAAGCACGTGTGGG
AAGCGGGCGTGCACCGAGAACAATGAGTGCTGCCACCCCGAGTGCCTGGGCAGCTGCAGC
GCGCCTGACAACGACACGGCCTGTGTAGCTTGCCGCCACTACTACTATGCCGGTGTCTGT
GTGCCTGCCTGCCCGCCCAACACCTACAGGTTTGAGGGCTGGCGCTGTGTGGACCGTGAC
TTCTGCGCCAACATCCTCAGCGCCGAGAGCAGCGACTCCGAGGGGTTTGTGATCCACGAC
GGCGAGTGCATGCAGGAGTGCCCCTCGGGCTTCATCCGCAACGGCAGCCAGAGCATGTAC
TGCATCCCTTGTGAAGGTCCTTGCCCGAAGGTCTGTGAGGAAGAAAAGAAAACAAAGACC
ATTGATTCTGTTACTTCTGCTCAGATGCTCCAAGGATGCACCATCTTCAAGGGCAATTTG
CTCATTAACATCCGACGGGGGAATAACATTGCTTCAGAGCTGGAGAACTTCATGGGGCTC
ATCGAGGTGGTGACGGGCTACGTGAAGATCCGCCATTCTCATGCCTTGGTCTCCTTGTCC
TTCCTAAAAAACCTTCGCCTCATCCTAGGAGAGGAGCAGCTAGAAGGGAATTACTCCTTC
TACGTCCTCGACAACCAGAACTTGCAGCAACTGTGGGACTGGGACCACCGCAACCTGACC
ATCAAAGCAGGGAAAATGTACTTTGCTTTCAATCCCAAATTATGTGTTTCCGAAATTTAC
CGCATGGAGGAAGTGACGGGGACTAAAGGGCGCCAAAGCAAAGGGGACATAAACACCAGG
AACAACGGGGAGAGAGCCTCCTGTGAAAGTGACGTCCTGCATTTCACCTCCACCACCACG
TCGAAGAATCGCATCATCATAACCTGGCACCGGTACCGGCCCCCTGACTACAGGGATCTC
ATCAGCTTCACCGTTTACTACAAGGAAGCACCCTTTAAGAATGTCACAGAGTATGATGGG
CAGGATGCCTGCGGCTCCAACAGCTGGAACATGGTGGACGTGGACCTCCCGCCCAACAAG
GACGTGGAGCCCGGCATCTTACTACATGGGCTGAAGCCCTGGACTCAGTACGCCGTTTAC
GTCAAGGCTGTGACCCTCACCATGGTGGAGAACGACCATATCCGTGGGGCCAAGAGTGAG
ATCTTGTACATTCGCACCAATGCTTCAGTTCCTTCCATTCCCTTGGACGTTCTTTCAGCA
TCGAACTCCTCTTCTCAGTTAATCGTGAAGTGGAACCCTCCCTCTCTGCCCAACGGCAAC
CTGAGTTACTACATTGTGCGCTGGCAGCGGCAGCCTCAGGACGGCTACCTTTACCGGCAC
AATTACTGCTCCAAAGACAAAATCCCCATCAGGAAGTATGCCGACGGCACCATCGACATT
GAGGAGGTCACAGAGAACCCCAAGACTGAGGTGTGTGGTGGGGAGAAAGGGCCTTGCTGC
GCCTGCCCCAAAACTGAAGCCGAGAAGCAGGCCGAGAAGGAGGAGGCTGAATACCGCAAA
GTCTTTGAGAATTTCCTGCACAACTCCATCTTCGTGCCCAGACCTGAAAGGAAGCGGAGA
GATGTCATGCAAGTGGCCAACACCACCATGTCCAGCCGAAGCAGGAACACCACGGCCGCA
GACACCTACAACATCACCGACCCGGAAGAGCTGGAGACAGAGTACCCTTTCTTTGAGAGC
AGAGTGGATAACAAGGAGAGAACTGTCATTTCTAACCTTCGGCCTTTCACATTGTACCGC
ATCGATATCCACAGCTGCAACCACGAGGCTGAGAAGCTGGGCTGCAGCGCCTCCAACTTC
GTCTTTGCAAGGACTATGCCCGCAGAAGGAGCAGATGACATTCCTGGGCCAGTGACCTGG
GAGCCAAGGCCTGAAAACTCCATCTTTTTAAAGTGGCCGGAACCTGAGAATCCCAATGGA
TTGATTCTAATGTATGAAATAAAATACGGATCACAAGTTGAGGATCAGCGAGAATGTGTG
TCCAGACAGGAATACAGGAAGTATGGAGGGGCCAAGCTAAACCGGCTAAACCCGGGGAAC
TACACAGCCCGGATTCAGGCCACATCTCTCTCTGGGAATGGGTCGTGGACAGATCCTGTG
TTCTTCTATGTCCAGGCCAAAACAGGATATGAAAACTTCATCCATCTGATCATCGCTCTG
CCCGTCGCTGTCCTGTTGATCGTGGGAGGGTTGGTGATTATGCTGTACGTCTTCCATAGA
AAGAGAAATAACAGCAGGCTGGGGAATGGAGTGCTGTATGCCTCTGTGAACCCGGAGTAC
TTCAGCGCTGCTGATGTGTACGTTCCTGATGAGTGGGAGGTGGCTCGGGAGAAGATCACC
ATGAGCCGGGAACTTGGGCAGGGGTCGTTTGGGATGGTCTATGAAGGAGTTGCCAAGGGT
GTGGTGAAAGATGAACCTGAAACCAGAGTGGCCATTAAAACAGTGAACGAGGCCGCAAGC
ATGCGTGAGAGGATTGAGTTTCTCAACGAAGCTTCTGTGATGAAGGAGTTCAATTGTCAC
CATGTGGTGCGATTGCTGGGTGTGGTGTCCCAAGGCCAGCCAACACTGGTCATCATGGAA
CTGATGACACGGGGCGATCTCAAAAGTTATCTCCGGTCTCTGAGGCCAGAAATGGAGAAT
AATCCAGTCCTAGCACCTCCAAGCCTGAGCAAGATGATTCAGATGGCCGGAGAGATTGCA
GACGGCATGGCATACCTCAACGCCAATAAGTTCGTCCACAGAGACCTTGCTGCCCGGAAT
TGCATGGTAGCCGAAGATTTCACAGTCAAAATCGGAGATTTTGGTATGACGCGAGATATC
TATGAGACAGACTATTACCGGAAAGGAGGCAAAGGGCTGCTGCCCGTGCGCTGGATGTCT
CCTGAGTCCCTCAAGGATGGAGTCTTCACCACTTACTCGGACGTCTGGTCCTTCGGGGTC
GTCCTCTGGGAGATCGCCACACTGGCCGAGCAGCCCTACCAGGGCTTGTCCAACGAGCAA
GTCCTTCGCTTCGTCATGGAGGGCGGCCTTCTGGACAAGCCAGACAACTGTCCTGACATG
CTGTTTGAACTGATGCGCATGTGCTGGCAGTATAACCCCAAGATGAGGCCTTCCTTCCTG
GAGATCATCAGCAGCATCAAAGAGGAGATGGAGCCTGGCTTCCGGGAGGTCTCCTTCTAC
TACAGCGAGGAGAACAAGCTGCCCGAGCCGGAGGAGCTGGACCTGGAGCCAGAGAACATG
GAGAGCGTCCCCCTGGACCCCTCGGCCTCCTCGTCCTCCCTGCCACTGCCCGACAGACAC
TCAGGACACAAGGCCGAGAACGGCCCCGGCCCTGGGGTGCTGGTCCTCCGCGCCAGCTTC
GACGAGAGACAGCCTTACGCCCACATGAACGGGGGCCGCAAGAACGAGCGGGCCTTGCCG
CTGCCCCAGTCTTCGACCTGCTGA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 1367
Molecular Weight 154791.7
Theoretical pI 5.54
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • 1-30
Transmembrane Regions
  • 936-959
Protein Sequence
>Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
MKSGSGGGSPTSLWGLLFLSAALSLWPTSGEICGPGIDIRNDYQQLKRLENCTVIEGYLH
ILLISKAEDYRSYRFPKLTVITEYLLLFRVAGLESLGDLFPNLTVIRGWKLFYNYALVIF
EMTNLKDIGLYNLRNITRGAIRIEKNADLCYLSTVDWSLILDAVSNNYIVGNKPPKECGD
LCPGTMEEKPMCEKTTINNEYNYRCWTTNRCQKMCPSTCGKRACTENNECCHPECLGSCS
APDNDTACVACRHYYYAGVCVPACPPNTYRFEGWRCVDRDFCANILSAESSDSEGFVIHD
GECMQECPSGFIRNGSQSMYCIPCEGPCPKVCEEEKKTKTIDSVTSAQMLQGCTIFKGNL
LINIRRGNNIASELENFMGLIEVVTGYVKIRHSHALVSLSFLKNLRLILGEEQLEGNYSF
YVLDNQNLQQLWDWDHRNLTIKAGKMYFAFNPKLCVSEIYRMEEVTGTKGRQSKGDINTR
NNGERASCESDVLHFTSTTTSKNRIIITWHRYRPPDYRDLISFTVYYKEAPFKNVTEYDG
QDACGSNSWNMVDVDLPPNKDVEPGILLHGLKPWTQYAVYVKAVTLTMVENDHIRGAKSE
ILYIRTNASVPSIPLDVLSASNSSSQLIVKWNPPSLPNGNLSYYIVRWQRQPQDGYLYRH
NYCSKDKIPIRKYADGTIDIEEVTENPKTEVCGGEKGPCCACPKTEAEKQAEKEEAEYRK
VFENFLHNSIFVPRPERKRRDVMQVANTTMSSRSRNTTAADTYNITDPEELETEYPFFES
RVDNKERTVISNLRPFTLYRIDIHSCNHEAEKLGCSASNFVFARTMPAEGADDIPGPVTW
EPRPENSIFLKWPEPENPNGLILMYEIKYGSQVEDQRECVSRQEYRKYGGAKLNRLNPGN
YTARIQATSLSGNGSWTDPVFFYVQAKTGYENFIHLIIALPVAVLLIVGGLVIMLYVFHR
KRNNSRLGNGVLYASVNPEYFSAADVYVPDEWEVAREKITMSRELGQGSFGMVYEGVAKG
VVKDEPETRVAIKTVNEAASMRERIEFLNEASVMKEFNCHHVVRLLGVVSQGQPTLVIME
LMTRGDLKSYLRSLRPEMENNPVLAPPSLSKMIQMAGEIADGMAYLNANKFVHRDLAARN
CMVAEDFTVKIGDFGMTRDIYETDYYRKGGKGLLPVRWMSPESLKDGVFTTYSDVWSFGV
VLWEIATLAEQPYQGLSNEQVLRFVMEGGLLDKPDNCPDMLFELMRMCWQYNPKMRPSFL
EIISSIKEEMEPGFREVSFYYSEENKLPEPEELDLEPENMESVPLDPSASSSSLPLPDRH
SGHKAENGPGPGVLVLRASFDERQPYAHMNGGRKNERALPLPQSSTC
GenBank ID Protein 804990
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P08069
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name IGF1R_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID X04434
GeneCard ID IGF1R
GenAtlas ID IGF1R
HGNC ID HGNC:5465
References
General References
  1. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed:15489334 ]
  2. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed:18669648 ]
  3. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007. [PubMed:18691976 ]
  4. Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Keri G, Mann M, Daub H: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Jul;8(7):1751-64. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M800588-MCP200. Epub 2009 Apr 15. [PubMed:19369195 ]
  5. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed:18083107 ]
  6. Greenman C, Stephens P, Smith R, Dalgliesh GL, Hunter C, Bignell G, Davies H, Teague J, Butler A, Stevens C, Edkins S, O'Meara S, Vastrik I, Schmidt EE, Avis T, Barthorpe S, Bhamra G, Buck G, Choudhury B, Clements J, Cole J, Dicks E, Forbes S, Gray K, Halliday K, Harrison R, Hills K, Hinton J, Jenkinson A, Jones D, Menzies A, Mironenko T, Perry J, Raine K, Richardson D, Shepherd R, Small A, Tofts C, Varian J, Webb T, West S, Widaa S, Yates A, Cahill DP, Louis DN, Goldstraw P, Nicholson AG, Brasseur F, Looijenga L, Weber BL, Chiew YE, DeFazio A, Greaves MF, Green AR, Campbell P, Birney E, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Tan MH, Khoo SK, Teh BT, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Wooster R, Futreal PA, Stratton MR: Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature. 2007 Mar 8;446(7132):153-8. [PubMed:17344846 ]
  7. Lee ST, Strunk KM, Spritz RA: A survey of protein tyrosine kinase mRNAs expressed in normal human melanocytes. Oncogene. 1993 Dec;8(12):3403-10. [PubMed:8247543 ]
  8. Ullrich A, Gray A, Tam AW, Yang-Feng T, Tsubokawa M, Collins C, Henzel W, Le Bon T, Kathuria S, Chen E, et al.: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity. EMBO J. 1986 Oct;5(10):2503-12. [PubMed:2877871 ]
  9. Abbott AM, Bueno R, Pedrini MT, Murray JM, Smith RJ: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene structure. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10759-63. [PubMed:1316909 ]
  10. Cooke DW, Bankert LA, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D, Casella SJ: Analysis of the human type I insulin-like growth factor receptor promoter region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jun 28;177(3):1113-20. [PubMed:1711844 ]
  11. Kasuya J, Paz IB, Maddux BA, Goldfine ID, Hefta SA, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y: Characterization of human placental insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin hybrid receptors by protein microsequencing and purification. Biochemistry. 1993 Dec 14;32(49):13531-6. [PubMed:8257688 ]
  12. Xu QY, Paxton RJ, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y: Substructural analysis of the insulin receptor by microsequence analyses of limited tryptic fragments isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence or presence of dithiothreitol. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18673-81. [PubMed:2211730 ]
  13. Tollefsen SE, Stoszek RM, Thompson K: Interaction of the alpha beta dimers of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor is required for receptor autophosphorylation. Biochemistry. 1991 Jan 8;30(1):48-54. [PubMed:1846292 ]
  14. Soos MA, Field CE, Siddle K: Purified hybrid insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptors bind insulin-like growth factor-I, but not insulin, with high affinity. Biochem J. 1993 Mar 1;290 ( Pt 2):419-26. [PubMed:8452530 ]
  15. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D: Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor. Characterization of kinase-deficient IGF-I receptors and the action of an IGF-I-mimetic antibody (alpha IR-3). J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 5;268(4):2655-61. [PubMed:7679099 ]
  16. Craparo A, O'Neill TJ, Gustafson TA: Non-SH2 domains within insulin receptor substrate-1 and SHC mediate their phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction with the NPEY motif of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 30;270(26):15639-43. [PubMed:7541045 ]
  17. Bailyes EM, Nave BT, Soos MA, Orr SR, Hayward AC, Siddle K: Insulin receptor/IGF-I receptor hybrids are widely distributed in mammalian tissues: quantification of individual receptor species by selective immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Biochem J. 1997 Oct 1;327 ( Pt 1):209-15. [PubMed:9355755 ]
  18. Federici M, Porzio O, Zucaro L, Fusco A, Borboni P, Lauro D, Sesti G: Distribution of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptors in human tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997 May 16;129(2):121-6. [PubMed:9202395 ]
  19. Lin FT, Daaka Y, Lefkowitz RJ: beta-arrestins regulate mitogenic signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 27;273(48):31640-3. [PubMed:9822622 ]
  20. Wang J, Dai H, Yousaf N, Moussaif M, Deng Y, Boufelliga A, Swamy OR, Leone ME, Riedel H: Grb10, a positive, stimulatory signaling adapter in platelet-derived growth factor BB-, insulin-like growth factor I-, and insulin-mediated mitogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Sep;19(9):6217-28. [PubMed:10454568 ]
  21. Lopaczynski W, Terry C, Nissley P: Autophosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor cytoplasmic domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Dec 29;279(3):955-60. [PubMed:11162456 ]
  22. Pandini G, Frasca F, Mineo R, Sciacca L, Vigneri R, Belfiore A: Insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hybrid receptors have different biological characteristics depending on the insulin receptor isoform involved. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 18;277(42):39684-95. Epub 2002 Jul 22. [PubMed:12138094 ]
  23. Girnita L, Shenoy SK, Sehat B, Vasilcanu R, Girnita A, Lefkowitz RJ, Larsson O: {beta}-Arrestin is crucial for ubiquitination and down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by acting as adaptor for the MDM2 E3 ligase. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 1;280(26):24412-9. Epub 2005 May 3. [PubMed:15878855 ]
  24. Slaaby R, Schaffer L, Lautrup-Larsen I, Andersen AS, Shaw AC, Mathiasen IS, Brandt J: Hybrid receptors formed by insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) have low insulin and high IGF-1 affinity irrespective of the IR splice variant. J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 8;281(36):25869-74. Epub 2006 Jul 10. [PubMed:16831875 ]
  25. Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, Kiess W, Klammt J, Kratzsch J, Osgood D, Pfaffle R, Raile K, Seidel B, Smith RJ, Chernausek SD: IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 4;349(23):2211-22. [PubMed:14657428 ]
  26. Kawashima Y, Kanzaki S, Yang F, Kinoshita T, Hanaki K, Nagaishi J, Ohtsuka Y, Hisatome I, Ninomoya H, Nanba E, Fukushima T, Takahashi S: Mutation at cleavage site of insulin-like growth factor receptor in a short-stature child born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Aug;90(8):4679-87. Epub 2005 May 31. [PubMed:15928254 ]