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Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP01576
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 6872
Name Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase
Synonyms
  1. Beta-trace protein
  2. Cerebrin-28
  3. Glutathione-independent PGD synthase
  4. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin-D synthase
  5. PGD2 synthase
  6. PGDS
  7. PGDS2
  8. Prostaglandin-D2 synthase
Gene Name PTGDS
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in binding
Specific Function Catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Involved in a variety of CNS functions, such as sedation, NREM sleep and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. Binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules, including biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophopic molecules and as a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. Possibly involved in development and maintenance of the blood-brain, blood-retina, blood-aqueous humor and blood-testis barrier. It is likely to play important roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system.
Pathways
  • Acetaminophen Action Pathway
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid Action Pathway
  • Antipyrine Action Pathway
  • Antrafenine Action Pathway
  • Arachidonic acid metabolism
  • Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
  • Bromfenac Action Pathway
  • Carprofen Action Pathway
  • Celecoxib Action Pathway
  • Diclofenac Action Pathway
  • Diflunisal Action Pathway
  • Etodolac Action Pathway
  • Etoricoxib Action Pathway
  • Fenoprofen Action Pathway
  • Flurbiprofen Action Pathway
  • Ibuprofen Action Pathway
  • Indomethacin Action Pathway
  • Ketoprofen Action Pathway
  • Ketorolac Action Pathway
  • Leukotriene C4 Synthesis Deficiency
  • Lornoxicam Action Pathway
  • Lumiracoxib Action Pathway
  • Magnesium salicylate Action Pathway
  • Mefenamic Acid Action Pathway
  • Meloxicam Action Pathway
  • Nabumetone Action Pathway
  • Naproxen Action Pathway
  • Nepafenac Action Pathway
  • Oxaprozin Action Pathway
  • Phenylbutazone Action Pathway
  • Piroxicam Action Pathway
  • Rofecoxib Action Pathway
  • Salicylate-sodium Action Pathway
  • Salicylic Acid Action Pathway
  • Salsalate Action Pathway
  • Sulindac Action Pathway
  • Suprofen Action Pathway
  • Tenoxicam Action Pathway
  • Tiaprofenic Acid Action Pathway
  • Tolmetin Action Pathway
  • Trisalicylate-choline Action Pathway
  • Valdecoxib Action Pathway
Reactions
(5Z,13E,15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate → (5Z,13E,15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate details
Prostaglandin H2 → Prostaglandin D2 details
GO Classification
Biological Process
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
response to glucocorticoid stimulus
prostaglandin biosynthetic process
Cellular Component
Golgi apparatus
perinuclear region of cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
extracellular space
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Function
binding
transporter activity
Molecular Function
retinoid binding
small molecule binding
fatty acid binding
transporter activity
prostaglandin-D synthase activity
Process
metabolic process
primary metabolic process
establishment of localization
transport
lipid metabolic process
Cellular Location
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. perinuclear region
  3. Secreted
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Nucleus membrane
  6. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location 9
Locus 9q34.2-q34.3
SNPs PTGDS
Gene Sequence
>573 bp
ATGGCTACTCATCACACGCTGTGGATGGGACTGGCCCTGCTGGGGGTGCTGGGCGACCTG
CAGGCAGCACCGGAGGCCCAGGTCTCCGTGCAGCCCAACTTCCAGCAGGACAAGTTCCTG
GGGCGCTGGTTCAGCGCGGGCCTCGCCTCCAACTCGAGCTGGCTCCGGGAGAAGAAGGCG
GCGTTGTCCATGTGCAAGTCTGTGGTGGCCCCTGCCACGGATGGTGGCCTCAACCTGACC
TCCACCTTCCTCAGGAAAAACCAGTGTGAGACCCGAACCATGCTGCTGCAGCCCGCGGGG
TCCCTCGGCTCCTACAGCTACCGGAGTCCCCACTGGGGCAGCACCTACTCCGTGTCAGTG
GTGGAGACCGACTACGACCAGTACGCGCTGCTGTACAGCCAGGGCAGCAAGGGCCCTGGC
GAGGACTTCCGCATGGCCACCCTCTACAGCCGAACCCAGACCCCCAGGGCTGAGTTAAAG
GAGAAATTCACCGCCTTCTGCAAGGCCCAGGGCTTCACAGAGGATACCATTGTCTTCCTG
CCCCAAACCGATAAGTGCATGACGGAACAATAG
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 190
Molecular Weight 21028.665
Theoretical pI 7.796
Pfam Domain Function
Signals Not Available
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence
>Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase
MATHHTLWMGLALLGVLGDLQAAPEAQVSVQPNFQQDKFLGRWFSAGLASNSSWLREKKA
ALSMCKSVVAPATDGGLNLTSTFLRKNQCETRTMLLQPAGSLGSYSYRSPHWGSTYSVSV
VETDYDQYALLYSQGSKGPGEDFRMATLYSRTQTPRAELKEKFTAFCKAQGFTEDTIVFL
PQTDKCMTEQ
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P41222
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PTGDS_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID M61900
GeneCard ID PTGDS
GenAtlas ID PTGDS
HGNC ID HGNC:9592
References
General References
  1. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012. [PubMed:19159218 ]
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  4. Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, Andrews TD, Searle S, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Jones MC, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Babbage S, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford D, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Chen Y, Clarke G, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Collier RE, Corby N, Crosier M, Cummings AT, Davies J, Dhami P, Dunn M, Dutta I, Dyer LW, Earthrowl ME, Faulkner L, Fleming CJ, Frankish A, Frankland JA, French L, Fricker DG, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori J, Gilbert JG, Glison C, Grafham DV, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Guy J, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Harrison ES, Hart EA, Heath PD, Henderson CD, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan S, Kershaw JK, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nisbett J, Nordsiek G, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Porter KM, Pandian R, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Povey S, Ramsey Y, Rand V, Scharfe M, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims SK, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Swarbreck D, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Thomas DW, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Ashurst JL, Coulson A, Blocker H, Durbin R, Sulston JE, Hubbard T, Jackson MJ, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J, Dunham I: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):369-74. [PubMed:15164053 ]
  5. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed:16335952 ]
  6. Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T: Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. DNA Res. 2005;12(2):117-26. [PubMed:16303743 ]
  7. Nilsson J, Ruetschi U, Halim A, Hesse C, Carlsohn E, Brinkmalm G, Larson G: Enrichment of glycopeptides for glycan structure and attachment site identification. Nat Methods. 2009 Nov;6(11):809-11. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1392. Epub 2009 Oct 18. [PubMed:19838169 ]
  8. Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):4020-4. [PubMed:1902577 ]
  9. White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):23202-8. [PubMed:1385416 ]
  10. Hoffmann A, Conradt HS, Gross G, Nimtz M, Lottspeich F, Wurster U: Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase. J Neurochem. 1993 Aug;61(2):451-6. [PubMed:8336134 ]
  11. Harrington MG, Aebersold R, Martin BM, Merril CR, Hood L: Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein. Appl Theor Electrophor. 1993;3(5):229-34. [PubMed:7692978 ]
  12. Zahn M, Mader M, Schmidt B, Bollensen E, Felgenhauer K: Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosci Lett. 1993 May 14;154(1-2):93-5. [PubMed:7689714 ]
  13. Kuruvilla AP, Hochwald GM, Ghiso J, Castano EM, Pizzolato M, Frangione B: Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res. 1991 Nov 29;565(2):337-40. [PubMed:1726844 ]
  14. Tokugawa Y, Kunishige I, Kubota Y, Shimoya K, Nobunaga T, Kimura T, Saji F, Murata Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma. Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):600-7. [PubMed:9475419 ]
  15. Saso L, Leone MG, Sorrentino C, Giacomelli S, Silvestrini B, Grima J, Li JC, Samy E, Mruk D, Cheng CY: Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 Nov;46(4):643-56. [PubMed:9844724 ]
  16. Leone MG, Saso L, Del Vecchio A, Mo MY, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY: Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography. J Neurochem. 1993 Aug;61(2):533-40. [PubMed:8336140 ]
  17. Melegos DN, Yu H, Diamandis EP: Prostaglandin D2 synthase: a component of human amniotic fluid and its association with fetal abnormalities. Clin Chem. 1996 Jul;42(7):1042-50. [PubMed:8674187 ]
  18. Giacomelli S, Leone MG, Grima J, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY: Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Feb 29;1310(3):269-76. [PubMed:8599604 ]
  19. Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process. J Neurosci. 1997 Apr 1;17(7):2376-82. [PubMed:9065498 ]
  20. Blodorn B, Mader M, Urade Y, Hayaishi O, Felgenhauer K, Bruck W: Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain. Neurosci Lett. 1996 May 10;209(2):117-20. [PubMed:8761996 ]
  21. Eguchi Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Seiki K, Kijima Y, Matsu-ura Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14689-94. [PubMed:9405674 ]
  22. Blodorn B, Bruck W, Tumani H, Michel U, Rieckmann P, Althans N, Mader M: Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. J Neurosci Res. 1999 Sep 1;57(5):730-4. [PubMed:10462696 ]
  23. Hirawa N, Uehara Y, Yamakado M, Toya Y, Gomi T, Ikeda T, Eguchi Y, Takagi M, Oda H, Seiki K, Urade Y, Umemura S: Lipocalin-type prostaglandin d synthase in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2002 Feb;39(2 Pt 2):449-54. [PubMed:11882588 ]
  24. White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG: Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element. J Biol Chem. 1997 May 30;272(22):14387-93. [PubMed:9162076 ]
  25. Hiraoka A, Seiki K, Oda H, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Tominaga I, Baba K: Charge microheterogeneity of the beta-trace proteins (lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological disorders analyzed by capillary isoelectrofocusing. Electrophoresis. 2001 Oct;22(16):3433-7. [PubMed:11669522 ]
  26. Hirawa N, Uehara Y, Ikeda T, Gomi T, Hamano K, Totsuka Y, Yamakado M, Takagi M, Eguchi N, Oda H, Seiki K, Nakajima H, Urade Y: Urinary prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) excretion increases in the early stage of diabetes mellitus. Nephron. 2001 Apr;87(4):321-7. [PubMed:11287775 ]