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Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP01724
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7068
Name Antithrombin-III
Synonyms
  1. ATIII
  2. Serpin C1
Gene Name SERPINC1
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific Function Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade. AT-III inhibits thrombin as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Its inhibitory activity is greatly enhanced in the presence of heparin
Pathways
  • Ardeparin Action Pathway
  • Enoxaparin Action Pathway
  • Fondaparinux Action Pathway
  • Heparin Action Pathway
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Function
peptidase inhibitor activity
endopeptidase inhibitor activity
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
enzyme regulator activity
enzyme inhibitor activity
Cellular Location
  1. Secreted
  2. extracellular space
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:1
Locus 1q23-q25.1
SNPs SERPINC1
Gene Sequence
>1395 bp
ATGTATTCCAATGTGATAGGAACTGTAACCTCTGGAAAAAGGAAGGTTTATCTTTTGTCC
TTGCTGCTCATTGGCTTCTGGGACTGCGTGACCTGTCACGGGAGCCCTGTGGACATCTGC
ACAGCCAAGCCGCGGGACATTCCCATGAATCCCATGTGCATTTACCGCTCCCCGGAGAAG
AAGGCAACTGAGGATGAGGGCTCAGAACAGAAGATCCCGGAGGCCACCAACCGGCGTGTC
TGGGAACTGTCCAAGGCCAATTCCCGCTTTGCTACCACTTTCTATCAGCACCTGGCAGAT
TCCAAGAATGACAATGATAACATTTTCCTGTCACCCCTGAGTATCTCCACGGCTTTTGCT
ATGACCAAGCTGGGTGCCTGTAATGACACCCTCCAGCAACTGATGGAGGTATTTAAGTTT
GACACCATATCTGAGAAAACATCTGATCAGATCCACTTCTTCTTTGCCAAACTGAACTGC
CGACTCTATCGAAAAGCCAACAAATCCTCCAAGTTAGTATCAGCCAATCGCCTTTTTGGA
GACAAATCCCTTACCTTCAATGAGACCTACCAGGACATCAGTGAGTTGGTATATGGAGCC
AAGCTCCAGCCCCTGGACTTCAAGGAAAATGCAGAGCAATCCAGAGCGGCCATCAACAAA
TGGGTGTCCAATAAGACCGAAGGCCGAATCACCGATGTCATTCCCTCGGAAGCCATCAAT
GAGCTCACTGTTCTGGTGCTGGTTAACACCATTTACTTCAAGGGCCTGTGGAAGTCAAAG
TTCAGCCCTGAGAACACAAGGAAGGAACTGTTCTACAAGGCTGATGGAGAGTCGTGTTCA
GCATCTATGATGTACCAGGAAGGCAAGTTCCGTTATCGGCGCGTGGCTGAAGGCACCCAG
GTGCTTGAGTTGCCCTTCAAAGGTGATGACATCACCATGGTCCTCATCTTGCCCAAGCCT
GAGAAGAGCCTGGCCAAGGTGGAGAAGGAACTCACCCCAGAGGTGCTGCAAGAGTGGCTG
GATGAATTGGAGGAGATGATGCTGGTGGTCCACATGCCCCGCTTCCGCATTGAGGACGGC
TTCAGTTTGAAGGAGCAGCTGCAAGACATGGGCCTTGTCGATCTGTTCAGCCCTGAAAAG
TCCAAACTCCCAGGTATTGTTGCAGAAGGCCGAGATGACCTCTATGTCTCAGATGCATTC
CATAAGGCATTTCTTGAGGTAAATGAAGAAGGCAGTGAAGCAGCTGCAAGTACCGCTGTT
GTGATTGCTGGCCGTTCGCTAAACCCCAACAGGGTGACTTTCAAGGCCAACAGGCCTTTC
CTGGTTTTTATAAGAGAAGTTCCCCTGAACACTATTATCTTCATGGGCAGAGTAGCCAAC
CCTTGTGTTAAGTAA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 464
Molecular Weight 52601.9
Theoretical pI 6.68
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • 1-32
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Antithrombin-III
MYSNVIGTVTSGKRKVYLLSLLLIGFWDCVTCHGSPVDICTAKPRDIPMNPMCIYRSPEK
KATEDEGSEQKIPEATNRRVWELSKANSRFATTFYQHLADSKNDNDNIFLSPLSISTAFA
MTKLGACNDTLQQLMEVFKFDTISEKTSDQIHFFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLVSANRLFG
DKSLTFNETYQDISELVYGAKLQPLDFKENAEQSRAAINKWVSNKTEGRITDVIPSEAIN
ELTVLVLVNTIYFKGLWKSKFSPENTRKELFYKADGESCSASMMYQEGKFRYRRVAEGTQ
VLELPFKGDDITMVLILPKPEKSLAKVEKELTPEVLQEWLDELEEMMLVVHMPRFRIEDG
FSLKEQLQDMGLVDLFSPEKSKLPGIVAEGRDDLYVSDAFHKAFLEVNEEGSEAAASTAV
VIAGRSLNPNRVTFKANRPFLVFIREVPLNTIIFMGRVANPCVK
GenBank ID Protein 11493504
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P01008
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ANT3_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID AF130100
GeneCard ID SERPINC1
GenAtlas ID SERPINC1
HGNC ID HGNC:775
References
General References
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  2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed:14702039 ]
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  4. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed:16335952 ]
  5. Bunkenborg J, Pilch BJ, Podtelejnikov AV, Wisniewski JR: Screening for N-glycosylated proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2004 Feb;4(2):454-65. [PubMed:14760718 ]
  6. Kristiansen TZ, Bunkenborg J, Gronborg M, Molina H, Thuluvath PJ, Argani P, Goggins MG, Maitra A, Pandey A: A proteomic analysis of human bile. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004 Jul;3(7):715-28. Epub 2004 Apr 14. [PubMed:15084671 ]
  7. Nilsson J, Ruetschi U, Halim A, Hesse C, Carlsohn E, Brinkmalm G, Larson G: Enrichment of glycopeptides for glycan structure and attachment site identification. Nat Methods. 2009 Nov;6(11):809-11. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1392. Epub 2009 Oct 18. [PubMed:19838169 ]
  8. Lewandrowski U, Moebius J, Walter U, Sickmann A: Elucidation of N-glycosylation sites on human platelet proteins: a glycoproteomic approach. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006 Feb;5(2):226-33. Epub 2005 Oct 31. [PubMed:16263699 ]
  9. Zhou W, Ross MM, Tessitore A, Ornstein D, Vanmeter A, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF 3rd: An initial characterization of the serum phosphoproteome. J Proteome Res. 2009 Dec;8(12):5523-31. doi: 10.1021/pr900603n. [PubMed:19824718 ]
  10. Bock SC, Wion KL, Vehar GA, Lawn RM: Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human antithrombin III. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 20;10(24):8113-25. [PubMed:6298709 ]
  11. Chandra T, Stackhouse R, Kidd VJ, Woo SL: Isolation and sequence characterization of a cDNA clone of human antithrombin III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(7):1845-8. [PubMed:6572945 ]
  12. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Chowdhury V, De Stefano V, Leone G, Thein SL: Complete nucleotide sequence of the antithrombin gene: evidence for homologous recombination causing thrombophilia. Biochemistry. 1993 Apr 27;32(16):4216-24. [PubMed:8476848 ]
  13. Prochownik EV, Markham AF, Orkin SH: Isolation of a cDNA clone for human antithrombin III. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jul 10;258(13):8389-94. [PubMed:6305982 ]
  14. Bock SC, Marrinan JA, Radziejewska E: Antithrombin III Utah: proline-407 to leucine mutation in a highly conserved region near the inhibitor reactive site. Biochemistry. 1988 Aug 9;27(16):6171-8. [PubMed:3191114 ]
  15. Lindo VS, Kakkar VV, Learmonth M, Melissari E, Zappacosta F, Panico M, Morris HR: Antithrombin-TRI (Ala382 to Thr) causing severe thromboembolic tendency undergoes the S-to-R transition and is associated with a plasma-inactive high-molecular-weight complex of aggregated antithrombin. Br J Haematol. 1995 Mar;89(3):589-601. [PubMed:7734359 ]
  16. Bjork I, Danielsson A, Fenton JW, Jornvall: The site in human antithrombin for functional proteolytic cleavage by human thrombin. FEBS Lett. 1981 Apr 20;126(2):257-60. [PubMed:7238875 ]
  17. Blackburn MN, Smith RL, Carson J, Sibley CC: The heparin-binding site of antithrombin III. Identification of a critical tryptophan in the amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jan 25;259(2):939-41. [PubMed:6693405 ]
  18. Carrell RW, Stein PE, Fermi G, Wardell MR: Biological implications of a 3 A structure of dimeric antithrombin. Structure. 1994 Apr 15;2(4):257-70. [PubMed:8087553 ]
  19. Schreuder HA, de Boer B, Dijkema R, Mulders J, Theunissen HJ, Grootenhuis PD, Hol WG: The intact and cleaved human antithrombin III complex as a model for serpin-proteinase interactions. Nat Struct Biol. 1994 Jan;1(1):48-54. [PubMed:7656006 ]
  20. Skinner R, Abrahams JP, Whisstock JC, Lesk AM, Carrell RW, Wardell MR: The 2.6 A structure of antithrombin indicates a conformational change at the heparin binding site. J Mol Biol. 1997 Feb 28;266(3):601-9. [PubMed:9067613 ]
  21. Skinner R, Chang WS, Jin L, Pei X, Huntington JA, Abrahams JP, Carrell RW, Lomas DA: Implications for function and therapy of a 2.9 A structure of binary-complexed antithrombin. J Mol Biol. 1998;283(1):9-14. [PubMed:9761669 ]
  22. Mourey L, Samama JP, Delarue M, Choay J, Lormeau JC, Petitou M, Moras D: Antithrombin III: structural and functional aspects. Biochimie. 1990 Aug;72(8):599-608. [PubMed:2126464 ]
  23. Lane DA, Olds RJ, Boisclair M, Chowdhury V, Thein SL, Cooper DN, Blajchman M, Perry D, Emmerich J, Aiach M: Antithrombin III mutation database: first update. For the Thrombin and its Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Aug 2;70(2):361-9. [PubMed:8236149 ]
  24. Stein PE, Carrell RW: What do dysfunctional serpins tell us about molecular mobility and disease? Nat Struct Biol. 1995 Feb;2(2):96-113. [PubMed:7749926 ]
  25. Perry DJ, Carrell RW: Molecular genetics of human antithrombin deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):7-22. [PubMed:8664906 ]
  26. Lane DA, Bayston T, Olds RJ, Fitches AC, Cooper DN, Millar DS, Jochmans K, Perry DJ, Okajima K, Thein SL, Emmerich J: Antithrombin mutation database: 2nd (1997) update. For the Plasma Coagulation Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Jan;77(1):197-211. [PubMed:9031473 ]
  27. Koide T, Odani S, Takahashi K, Ono T, Sakuragawa N: Antithrombin III Toyama: replacement of arginine-47 by cysteine in hereditary abnormal antithrombin III that lacks heparin-binding ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):289-93. [PubMed:6582486 ]
  28. Chang JY, Tran TH: Antithrombin III Basel. Identification of a Pro-Leu substitution in a hereditary abnormal antithrombin with impaired heparin cofactor activity. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1174-6. [PubMed:3080419 ]
  29. Stephens AW, Thalley BS, Hirs CH: Antithrombin-III Denver, a reactive site variant. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 25;262(3):1044-8. [PubMed:3805013 ]
  30. Devraj-Kizuk R, Chui DH, Prochownik EV, Carter CJ, Ofosu FA, Blajchman MA: Antithrombin-III-Hamilton: a gene with a point mutation (guanine to adenine) in codon 382 causing impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood. 1988 Nov;72(5):1518-23. [PubMed:3179438 ]
  31. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, Di Marzo V, Morris HR: Single amino acid substitutions in the reactive site of antithrombin leading to thrombosis. Congenital substitution of arginine 393 to cysteine in antithrombin Northwick Park and to histidine in antithrombin Glasgow. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5589-93. [PubMed:3162733 ]
  32. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, Di Marzo V, Morris HR, Bauer K, Rosenberg RD: Antithrombin Chicago, amino acid substitution of arginine 393 to histidine. Thromb Res. 1989 Jun 15;54(6):613-9. [PubMed:2781509 ]
  33. Borg JY, Brennan SO, Carrell RW, George P, Perry DJ, Shaw J: Antithrombin Rouen-IV 24 Arg----Cys. The amino-terminal contribution to heparin binding. FEBS Lett. 1990 Jun 18;266(1-2):163-6. [PubMed:2365065 ]
  34. Daly M, Bruce D, Perry DJ, Price J, Harper PL, O'Meara A, Carrell RW: Antithrombin Dublin (-3 Val----Glu): an N-terminal variant which has an aberrant signal peptidase cleavage site. FEBS Lett. 1990 Oct 29;273(1-2):87-90. [PubMed:1977621 ]
  35. Gandrille S, Aiach M, Lane DA, Vidaud D, Molho-Sabatier P, Caso R, de Moerloose P, Fiessinger JN, Clauser E: Important role of arginine 129 in heparin-binding site of antithrombin III. Identification of a novel mutation arginine 129 to glutamine. J Biol Chem. 1990 Nov 5;265(31):18997-9001. [PubMed:2229057 ]
  36. Austin RC, Rachubinski RA, Blajchman MA: Site-directed mutagenesis of alanine-382 of human antithrombin III. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):254-8. [PubMed:2013320 ]
  37. Perry DJ, Daly M, Harper PL, Tait RC, Price J, Walker ID, Carrell RW: Antithrombin Cambridge II, 384 Ala to Ser. Further evidence of the role of the reactive centre loop in the inhibitory function of the serpins. FEBS Lett. 1991 Jul 22;285(2):248-50. [PubMed:1906811 ]
  38. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Boisclair M, Sas G, Bock SC, Thein SL: Antithrombin Budapest 3. An antithrombin variant with reduced heparin affinity resulting from the substitution L99F. FEBS Lett. 1992 Apr 6;300(3):241-6. [PubMed:1555650 ]
  39. Blajchman MA, Fernandez-Rachubinski F, Sheffield WP, Austin RC, Schulman S: Antithrombin-III-Stockholm: a codon 392 (Gly----Asp) mutation with normal heparin binding and impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood. 1992 Mar 15;79(6):1428-34. [PubMed:1547341 ]
  40. Okajima K, Abe H, Maeda S, Motomura M, Tsujihata M, Nagataki S, Okabe H, Takatsuki K: Antithrombin III Nagasaki (Ser116-Pro): a heterozygous variant with defective heparin binding associated with thrombosis. Blood. 1993 Mar 1;81(5):1300-5. [PubMed:8443391 ]
  41. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Beresford CH, Abildgaard U, Hughes PM, Thein SL: A recurrent deletion in the antithrombin gene, AT106-108(-6 bp), identified by DNA heteroduplex detection. Genomics. 1993 Apr;16(1):298-9. [PubMed:8486379 ]
  42. Emmerich J, Vidaud D, Alhenc-Gelas M, Chadeuf G, Gouault-Heilmann M, Aillaud MF, Aiach M: Three novel mutations of antithrombin inducing high-molecular-mass compounds. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 Dec;14(12):1958-65. [PubMed:7981186 ]
  43. Millar DS, Wacey AI, Ribando J, Melissari E, Laursen B, Woods P, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN: Three novel missense mutations in the antithrombin III (AT3) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Hum Genet. 1994 Nov;94(5):509-12. [PubMed:7959685 ]
  44. Jochmans K, Lissens W, Vervoort R, Peeters S, De Waele M, Liebaers I: Antithrombin-Gly 424 Arg: a novel point mutation responsible for type 1 antithrombin deficiency and neonatal thrombosis. Blood. 1994 Jan 1;83(1):146-51. [PubMed:8274732 ]
  45. van Boven HH, Olds RJ, Thein SL, Reitsma PH, Lane DA, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR: Hereditary antithrombin deficiency: heterogeneity of the molecular basis and mortality in Dutch families. Blood. 1994 Dec 15;84(12):4209-13. [PubMed:7994035 ]
  46. Bruce D, Perry DJ, Borg JY, Carrell RW, Wardell MR: Thromboembolic disease due to thermolabile conformational changes of antithrombin Rouen-VI (187 Asn-->Asp) J Clin Invest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2265-74. [PubMed:7989582 ]
  47. Emmerich J, Chadeuf G, Alhenc-Gelas M, Gouault-Heilman M, Toulon P, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M: Molecular basis of antithrombin type I deficiency: the first large in-frame deletion and two novel mutations in exon 6. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Oct;72(4):534-9. [PubMed:7878627 ]
  48. Okajima K, Abe H, Wagatsuma M, Okabe H, Takatsuki K: Antithrombin III Kumamoto II; a single mutation at Arg393-His increased the affinity of antithrombin III for heparin. Am J Hematol. 1995 Jan;48(1):12-8. [PubMed:7832187 ]
  49. Ozawa T, Takikawa Y, Niiya K, Fujiwara T, Suzuki K, Sato S, Sakuragawa N: Antithrombin Morioka (Cys 95-Arg): a novel missense mutation causing type I antithrombin deficiency. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Feb;77(2):403. [PubMed:9157604 ]
  50. Fitches AC, Appleby R, Lane DA, De Stefano V, Leone G, Olds RJ: Impaired cotranslational processing as a mechanism for type I antithrombin deficiency. Blood. 1998 Dec 15;92(12):4671-6. [PubMed:9845533 ]
  51. Jochmans K, Lissens W, Seneca S, Capel P, Chatelain B, Meeus P, Osselaer JC, Peerlinck K, Seghers J, Slacmeulder M, Stibbe J, van de Loo J, Vermylen J, Liebaers I, De Waele M: The molecular basis of antithrombin deficiency in Belgian and Dutch families. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Sep;80(3):376-81. [PubMed:9759613 ]
  52. Bayston TA, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM, Thompson E, Ireland H, Fitches AC, Hananeia L, Olds RJ, Lane DA: Familial overexpression of beta antithrombin caused by an Asn135Thr substitution. Blood. 1999 Jun 15;93(12):4242-7. [PubMed:10361121 ]
  53. Picard V, Bura A, Emmerich J, Alhenc-Gelas M, Biron C, Houbouyan-Reveillard LL, Molho P, Labatide-Alanore A, Sie P, Toulon P, Verdy E, Aiach M: Molecular bases of antithrombin deficiency in French families: identification of seven novel mutations in the antithrombin gene. Br J Haematol. 2000 Sep;110(3):731-4. [PubMed:10997988 ]
  54. Niiya K, Kiguchi T, Dansako H, Fujimura K, Fujimoto T, Iijima K, Tanimoto M, Harada M: Two novel gene mutations in type I antithrombin deficiency. Int J Hematol. 2001 Dec;74(4):469-72. [PubMed:11794707 ]
  55. Baud O, Picard V, Durand P, Duchemin J, Proulle V, Alhenc-Gelas M, Devictor D, Dreyfus M: Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with a novel antithrombin gene mutation in a neonate. J Pediatr. 2001 Nov;139(5):741-3. [PubMed:11713457 ]
  56. Mushunje A, Zhou A, Huntington JA, Conard J, Carrell RW: Antithrombin 'DREUX' (Lys 114Glu): a variant with complete loss of heparin affinity. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Sep;88(3):436-43. [PubMed:12353073 ]
  57. Picard V, Dautzenberg MD, Villoutreix BO, Orliaguet G, Alhenc-Gelas M, Aiach M: Antithrombin Phe229Leu: a new homozygous variant leading to spontaneous antithrombin polymerization in vivo associated with severe childhood thrombosis. Blood. 2003 Aug 1;102(3):919-25. Epub 2003 Feb 20. [PubMed:12595305 ]
  58. Nagaizumi K, Inaba H, Amano K, Suzuki M, Arai M, Fukutake K: Five novel and four recurrent point mutations in the antithrombin gene causing venous thrombosis. Int J Hematol. 2003 Jul;78(1):79-83. [PubMed:12894857 ]
  59. David D, Ribeiro S, Ferrao L, Gago T, Crespo F: Molecular basis of inherited antithrombin deficiency in Portuguese families: identification of genetic alterations and screening for additional thrombotic risk factors. Am J Hematol. 2004 Jun;76(2):163-71. [PubMed:15164384 ]
  60. Kuhli C, Jochmans K, Scharrer I, Luchtenberg M, Hattenbach LO: Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug;124(8):1165-9. [PubMed:16908819 ]