Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP05698
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 11297
Name Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial
Synonyms Not Available
Gene Name GLRX2
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific Function Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Function
catalytic activity
electron carrier activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors
disulfide oxidoreductase activity
protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
oxidoreductase activity
Process
cellular process
cellular homeostasis
cell redox homeostasis
Cellular Location
  1. Isoform 2:Nucleus
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:1
Locus 1q31.2-q31.3
SNPs GLRX2
Gene Sequence
>495 bp
ATGATTTGGCGCCGCGCGGCGCTGGCGGGGACGCGGCTGGTTTGGAGCAGGAGCGGCTCG
GCAGGCTGGCTTGACAGGGCGGCGGGAGCTGCGGGAGCTGCGGCAGCTGCGGCCTCTGGG
ATGGAGAGCAATACATCATCATCTTTGGAGAATTTAGCGACGGCGCCTGTGAACCAGATC
CAAGAAACAATTTCTGATAATTGTGTGGTGATTTTCTCAAAAACATCCTGTTCTTACTGT
ACAATGGCAAAAAAGCTTTTCCATGACATGAATGTTAACTATAAAGTGGTGGAACTGGAC
CTGCTTGAATATGGAAACCAGTTCCAAGATGCTCTTTACAAAATGACTGGTGAAAGAACT
GTTCCAAGAATATTTGTCAATGGTACTTTTATTGGAGGTGCAACTGACACTCATAGGCTT
CACAAAGAAGGAAAATTGCTCCCACTAGTTCATCAGTGTTATTTAAAAAAAAGTAAGAGG
AAAGAATTTCAGTGA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 164
Molecular Weight 18051.5
Theoretical pI 9.49
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • None
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial
MIWRRAALAGTRLVWSRSGSAGWLDRAAGAAGAAAAAASGMESNTSSSLENLATAPVNQI
QETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLLEYGNQFQDALYKMTGERT
VPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKRKEFQ
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9NS18
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GLRX2_HUMAN
PDB IDs Not Available
GenBank Gene ID AF132495
GeneCard ID GLRX2
GenAtlas ID GLRX2
HGNC ID HGNC:16065
References
General References
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  3. Lai CH, Chou CY, Ch'ang LY, Liu CS, Lin W: Identification of novel human genes evolutionarily conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans by comparative proteomics. Genome Res. 2000 May;10(5):703-13. [PubMed:10810093 ]
  4. Lundberg M, Johansson C, Chandra J, Enoksson M, Jacobsson G, Ljung J, Johansson M, Holmgren A: Cloning and expression of a novel human glutaredoxin (Grx2) with mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 13;276(28):26269-75. Epub 2001 Apr 10. [PubMed:11297543 ]
  5. Gladyshev VN, Liu A, Novoselov SV, Krysan K, Sun QA, Kryukov VM, Kryukov GV, Lou MF: Identification and characterization of a new mammalian glutaredoxin (thioltransferase), Grx2. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 10;276(32):30374-80. Epub 2001 Jun 7. [PubMed:11397793 ]
  6. Lundberg M, Fernandes AP, Kumar S, Holmgren A: Cellular and plasma levels of human glutaredoxin 1 and 2 detected by sensitive ELISA systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 2;319(3):801-9. [PubMed:15184054 ]
  7. Peltoniemi M, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Saily M, Sormunen R, Paakko P, Holmgren A, Soini Y, Kinnula VL: Expression of glutaredoxin is highly cell specific in human lung and is decreased by transforming growth factor-beta in vitro and in interstitial lung diseases in vivo. Hum Pathol. 2004 Aug;35(8):1000-7. [PubMed:15297967 ]
  8. Johansson C, Lillig CH, Holmgren A: Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either glutathione or thioredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):7537-43. Epub 2003 Dec 4. [PubMed:14676218 ]
  9. Lillig CH, Lonn ME, Enoksson M, Fernandes AP, Holmgren A: Short interfering RNA-mediated silencing of glutaredoxin 2 increases the sensitivity of HeLa cells toward doxorubicin and phenylarsine oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 7;101(36):13227-32. Epub 2004 Aug 24. [PubMed:15328416 ]
  10. Enoksson M, Fernandes AP, Prast S, Lillig CH, Holmgren A, Orrenius S: Overexpression of glutaredoxin 2 attenuates apoptosis by preventing cytochrome c release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Feb 18;327(3):774-9. [PubMed:15649413 ]
  11. Lillig CH, Berndt C, Vergnolle O, Lonn ME, Hudemann C, Bill E, Holmgren A: Characterization of human glutaredoxin 2 as iron-sulfur protein: a possible role as redox sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8168-73. Epub 2005 May 25. [PubMed:15917333 ]