Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP12617
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Name Apelin receptor early endogenous ligand
Synonyms
  1. Protein Elabela
  2. Protein Toddler
  3. ELA
Gene Name APELA
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Not Available
Specific Function Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:25639753, PubMed:28137936). Hormone required for mesendodermal differentiation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis during early development and for adult cardiovascular homeostasis (PubMed:25639753, PubMed:28137936). Drives internalization of APLNR. Acts as a motogen by promoting mesendodermal cell migration during gastrulation by binding and activating APLNR. Acts as an early embryonic regulator of cellular movement with a role in migration and development of cardiac progenitor cells. May act as a chemoattractant for the activation of angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis. Positively regulates sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel sprouting. Plays a role in placental vascular development; promotes placental trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in the uterus. Involved in the regulation of maternal cardiovascular homeostasis to prevent gestational hypertension and for potent cardioprotective functions during heart failure. Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity).
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Biological Process
apelin receptor signaling pathway
coronary vasculature development
positive regulation of heart contraction
heart development
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization
cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration
angiogenesis
positive regulation of angiogenesis
embryonic heart tube development
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
mesendoderm migration
mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis
positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration
adult heart development
placenta blood vessel development
endoderm development
vasculogenesis
Cellular Component
extracellular region
extracellular space
Molecular Function
apelin receptor binding
hormone activity
Cellular Location Not Available
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Not Available
Locus Not Available
SNPs Not Available
Gene Sequence Not Available
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 54
Molecular Weight 6622.055
Theoretical pI 12.225
Pfam Domain Function Not Available
Signals
  • 1-22;
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence Not Available
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P0DMC3
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ELA_HUMAN
PDB IDs Not Available
GenBank Gene ID Not Available
GeneCard ID Not Available
GenAtlas ID Not Available
HGNC ID Not Available
References
General References
  1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed:14702039 ]
  2. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed:15815621 ]
  3. Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B: ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor. Dev Cell. 2013 Dec 23;27(6):672-80. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Dec 5. [PubMed:24316148 ]
  4. Wang Z, Yu D, Wang M, Wang Q, Kouznetsova J, Yang R, Qian K, Wu W, Shuldiner A, Sztalryd C, Zou M, Zheng W, Gong DW: Elabela-apelin receptor signaling pathway is functional in mammalian systems. Sci Rep. 2015 Feb 2;5:8170. doi: 10.1038/srep08170. [PubMed:25639753 ]
  5. Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Torella R, Upton PD, Crosby A, Sawiak SJ, Carpenter TA, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP: Elabela/Toddler Is an Endogenous Agonist of the Apelin APJ Receptor in the Adult Cardiovascular System, and Exogenous Administration of the Peptide Compensates for the Downregulation of Its Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):1160-1173. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023218. Epub 2017 Jan 30. [PubMed:28137936 ]
  6. Ho L, van Dijk M, Chye STJ, Messerschmidt DM, Chng SC, Ong S, Yi LK, Boussata S, Goh GH, Afink GB, Lim CY, Dunn NR, Solter D, Knowles BB, Reversade B: ELABELA deficiency promotes preeclampsia and cardiovascular malformations in mice. Science. 2017 Aug 18;357(6352):707-713. doi: 10.1126/science.aam6607. Epub 2017 Jun 29. [PubMed:28663440 ]