Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP13695
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Name Laccase abr2
Synonyms
  1. Conidial pigment biosynthesis oxidase abr2
Gene Name ABR2
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Not Available
Specific Function Laccase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin, a bluish-green pigment and a structural component of the conidial wall (PubMed:10515939, PubMed:14970241, PubMed:19156203). The first step of the pathway is the production of the heptaketide naphtopyrone YWA1 by the polyketide synthase alb1 though condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA (PubMed:10515939). The naphtopyrone YWA1 is then converted to the pentaketide 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) by the heptaketide hydrolyase ayg1 though chain-length shortening (PubMed:10515939). 1,3,6,8-THN is substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield scytalone (PubMed:10515939). The scytalone dehydratase arp1 then reduces scytalone to 1,3,8-THN (PubMed:10515939). 1,3,8-THN is also substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield vermelone (PubMed:10515939). Vermelone is further converted by the multicopper oxidase abr1 to 1,8-DHN (PubMed:10515939). Finally the laccase abr2 transforms 1,8-DHN to DHN-melanin (PubMed:10515939). DHN-melanin biosynthesis appears to be initiated in endosomes where early enzymes (abl1, ayg1, arp1 and arp2) localize, with exocytosis leading to melanin deposition on the cell surface where late enzymes (abr1 and abr2) localize (PubMed:26972005). DHN-melanin is an important structural component of the outer cell wall and is required for the presence of conidial surface hydrophobins (PubMed:19703288). DHN-melanin plays also a crucial role in fungal virulence, including a protective role against the host's immune defenses (PubMed:19156203, PubMed:20145078, PubMed:21747802, PubMed:21573171, PubMed:24818666). DHN-melanin protects also conidia against amoeba predation (PubMed:25684622).
Pathways
  • melanin biosynthesis
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Biological Process
melanin biosynthetic process
pigment biosynthetic process
Cellular Component
cell surface
Molecular Function
oxidoreductase activity
copper ion binding
hydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Cellular Location Not Available
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Not Available
Locus Not Available
SNPs Not Available
Gene Sequence Not Available
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 587
Molecular Weight 65288.86
Theoretical pI 5.17
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • 1-17;
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence Not Available
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID E9RBR0
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ABR2_ASPFU
PDB IDs Not Available
GenBank Gene ID Not Available
GeneCard ID Not Available
GenAtlas ID Not Available
HGNC ID Not Available
References
General References
  1. Nierman WC, Pain A, Anderson MJ, Wortman JR, Kim HS, Arroyo J, Berriman M, Abe K, Archer DB, Bermejo C, Bennett J, Bowyer P, Chen D, Collins M, Coulsen R, Davies R, Dyer PS, Farman M, Fedorova N, Fedorova N, Feldblyum TV, Fischer R, Fosker N, Fraser A, Garcia JL, Garcia MJ, Goble A, Goldman GH, Gomi K, Griffith-Jones S, Gwilliam R, Haas B, Haas H, Harris D, Horiuchi H, Huang J, Humphray S, Jimenez J, Keller N, Khouri H, Kitamoto K, Kobayashi T, Konzack S, Kulkarni R, Kumagai T, Lafon A, Latge JP, Li W, Lord A, Lu C, Majoros WH, May GS, Miller BL, Mohamoud Y, Molina M, Monod M, Mouyna I, Mulligan S, Murphy L, O'Neil S, Paulsen I, Penalva MA, Pertea M, Price C, Pritchard BL, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rawlins N, Rajandream MA, Reichard U, Renauld H, Robson GD, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Rodriguez-Pena JM, Ronning CM, Rutter S, Salzberg SL, Sanchez M, Sanchez-Ferrero JC, Saunders D, Seeger K, Squares R, Squares S, Takeuchi M, Tekaia F, Turner G, Vazquez de Aldana CR, Weidman J, White O, Woodward J, Yu JH, Fraser C, Galagan JE, Asai K, Machida M, Hall N, Barrell B, Denning DW: Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature. 2005 Dec 22;438(7071):1151-6. doi: 10.1038/nature04332. [PubMed:16372009 ]
  2. Tsai HF, Wheeler MH, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ: A developmentally regulated gene cluster involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Bacteriol. 1999 Oct;181(20):6469-77. doi: 10.1128/JB.181.20.6469-6477.1999. [PubMed:10515939 ]
  3. Pihet M, Vandeputte P, Tronchin G, Renier G, Saulnier P, Georgeault S, Mallet R, Chabasse D, Symoens F, Bouchara JP: Melanin is an essential component for the integrity of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. BMC Microbiol. 2009 Aug 24;9:177. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-177. [PubMed:19703288 ]
  4. Jackson JC, Higgins LA, Lin X: Conidiation color mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus are highly pathogenic to the heterologous insect host Galleria mellonella. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004224. Epub 2009 Jan 19. [PubMed:19156203 ]
  5. Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, Leventakos K, Latge JP, Kontoyiannis DP: Cutaneous model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 May;54(5):1848-54. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01504-09. Epub 2010 Feb 9. [PubMed:20145078 ]
  6. Thywissen A, Heinekamp T, Dahse HM, Schmaler-Ripcke J, Nietzsche S, Zipfel PF, Brakhage AA: Conidial Dihydroxynaphthalene Melanin of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Interferes with the Host Endocytosis Pathway. Front Microbiol. 2011 May 3;2:96. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00096. eCollection 2011. [PubMed:21747802 ]
  7. Mech F, Thywissen A, Guthke R, Brakhage AA, Figge MT: Automated image analysis of the host-pathogen interaction between phagocytes and Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One. 2011 May 5;6(5):e19591. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019591. [PubMed:21573171 ]
  8. Bayry J, Beaussart A, Dufrene YF, Sharma M, Bansal K, Kniemeyer O, Aimanianda V, Brakhage AA, Kaveri SV, Kwon-Chung KJ, Latge JP, Beauvais A: Surface structure characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia mutated in the melanin synthesis pathway and their human cellular immune response. Infect Immun. 2014 Aug;82(8):3141-53. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01726-14. Epub 2014 May 12. [PubMed:24818666 ]
  9. Hillmann F, Novohradska S, Mattern DJ, Forberger T, Heinekamp T, Westermann M, Winckler T, Brakhage AA: Virulence determinants of the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus protect against soil amoeba predation. Environ Microbiol. 2015 Aug;17(8):2858-69. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12808. Epub 2015 Mar 27. [PubMed:25684622 ]
  10. Upadhyay S, Xu X, Lowry D, Jackson JC, Roberson RW, Lin X: Subcellular Compartmentalization and Trafficking of the Biosynthetic Machinery for Fungal Melanin. Cell Rep. 2016 Mar 22;14(11):2511-8. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.059. Epub 2016 Mar 10. [PubMed:26972005 ]
  11. Youngchim S, Morris-Jones R, Hay RJ, Hamilton AJ: Production of melanin by Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Microbiol. 2004 Mar;53(Pt 3):175-181. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.05421-0. [PubMed:14970241 ]
  12. Upadhyay S, Torres G, Lin X: Laccases involved in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus are regulated by developmental factors and copper homeostasis. Eukaryot Cell. 2013 Dec;12(12):1641-52. doi: 10.1128/EC.00217-13. Epub 2013 Oct 11. [PubMed:24123270 ]
  13. Sugareva V, Hartl A, Brock M, Hubner K, Rohde M, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA: Characterisation of the laccase-encoding gene abr2 of the dihydroxynaphthalene-like melanin gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus. Arch Microbiol. 2006 Nov;186(5):345-55. doi: 10.1007/s00203-006-0144-2. Epub 2006 Sep 19. [PubMed:16988817 ]