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Showing Protein High mobility group protein B1 (HMDBP13794)

IdentificationBiological propertiesGene propertiesProtein propertiesExternal linksReferencesXMLShow 2 metabolites
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP13794
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Name High mobility group protein B1
Synonyms
  1. High mobility group protein 1
  2. HMG-1
Gene Name HMGB1
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Not Available
Specific Function Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (Ref.71). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101).Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:20123072). May have an enhancing role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (By similarity). However, effects in NER using in vitro systems have been reported conflictingly (PubMed:19446504, PubMed:19360789). May be involved in mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways (PubMed:15014079, PubMed:16143102, PubMed:17803946). May be involved in double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (By similarity). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA (By similarity). Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (By similarity). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities (By similarity). Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA (PubMed:23063560). Proposed to be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1; however, this function has been questioned (By similarity). Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity).In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation (PubMed:20819940). Involved in oxidative stress-mediated autophagy (PubMed:21395369). Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury (By similarity). In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy (By similarity). Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity).In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22370717). Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (PubMed:24971542). Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:12765338, PubMed:18354232, PubMed:19264983, PubMed:20547845, PubMed:24474694). Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12 (PubMed:15607795). TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 (PubMed:20547845). In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (PubMed:18354232, PubMed:21660935, PubMed:25660311). Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (By similarity). Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (PubMed:18250463). Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity). In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (PubMed:15944249, PubMed:22473704). In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity). Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (By similarity). Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production (PubMed:19064698). Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (PubMed:18631454). During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity).(Microbial infection) Critical for entry of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63. Regulates the expression of the pro-viral genes ACE2 and CTSL through chromatin modulation.
Pathways
  • Autophagy - animal
  • Base excision repair
  • Necroptosis
  • Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Biological Process
apoptotic DNA fragmentation
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
positive regulation of apoptotic process
neutrophil degranulation
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
dendritic cell chemotaxis
DNA geometric change
myeloid dendritic cell activation
negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly
neutrophil clearance
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation
positive regulation of autophagy
positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
positive regulation of DNA ligation
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production
positive regulation of mismatch repair
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway
regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
inflammatory response
cellular response to interleukin-7
regulation of tolerance induction
T-helper 1 cell activation
V(D)J recombination
activation of innate immune response
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production
neuron projection development
positive regulation of DNA binding
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
positive regulation of interferon-beta production
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
response to glucocorticoid stimulus
positive regulation of interferon-alpha production
DNA topological change
positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis
innate immune response
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
viral reproduction
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
base-excision repair
eye development
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of MAPK cascade
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
toll-like receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of JNK cascade
lung development
positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production
positive regulation of wound healing
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
endothelial cell proliferation
chromatin assembly
endothelial cell chemotaxis
macrophage activation involved in immune response
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
regulation of nucleotide-excision repair
positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis
DNA recombination
apoptotic cell clearance
positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation
positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling
T-helper 1 cell differentiation
chromatin silencing
autophagy
Cellular Component
cell surface
condensed chromosome
alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex
nucleus
early endosome
nucleoplasm
transcriptional repressor complex
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
extracellular region
extracellular space
neuron projection
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen
secretory granule lumen
Molecular Function
lipopolysaccharide binding
C-X-C chemokine binding
DNA binding, bending
DNA polymerase binding
four-way junction DNA binding
RAGE receptor binding
repressing transcription factor binding
supercoiled DNA binding
chemoattractant activity
double-stranded RNA binding
transcription factor binding
bubble DNA binding
single-stranded DNA binding
integrin binding
phosphatidylserine binding
double-stranded DNA binding
single-stranded RNA binding
transcription coactivator activity
RNA binding
damaged DNA binding
lyase activity
protein kinase activator activity
calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
cytokine activity
transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Cellular Location Not Available
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Not Available
Locus Not Available
SNPs Not Available
Gene Sequence Not Available
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 215
Molecular Weight 24893.58
Theoretical pI 5.739
Pfam Domain Function
Signals Not Available
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence Not Available
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P09429
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HMGB1_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID Not Available
GeneCard ID Not Available
GenAtlas ID Not Available
HGNC ID Not Available
References
General References
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