Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP14512
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Name Growth/differentiation factor 2
Synonyms
  1. GDF-2
  2. Bone morphogenetic protein 9
  3. BMP-9
Gene Name GDF2
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Not Available
Specific Function Potent circulating inhibitor of angiogenesis. Signals through the type I activin receptor ACVRL1 but not other Alks. Signaling through SMAD1 in endothelial cells requires TGF-beta coreceptor endoglin/ENG.
Pathways
  • Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Biological Process
activin receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of DNA replication
SMAD protein signal transduction
BMP signaling pathway
positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation
positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
cellular iron ion homeostasis
angiogenesis
positive regulation of angiogenesis
osteoblast differentiation
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cartilage development
negative regulation of angiogenesis
negative regulation of cell growth
vasculogenesis
positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway
ossification
cartilage development
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
blood vessel morphogenesis
pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation
cellular response to BMP stimulus
Cellular Component
extracellular vesicular exosome
extracellular region
extracellular space
Molecular Function
growth factor activity
cytokine activity
Cellular Location Not Available
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Not Available
Locus Not Available
SNPs Not Available
Gene Sequence Not Available
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 429
Molecular Weight 47320.06
Theoretical pI 6.479
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • 1-22;
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence Not Available
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9UK05
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GDF2_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID Not Available
GeneCard ID Not Available
GenAtlas ID Not Available
HGNC ID Not Available
References
General References
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  4. Luo J, Tang M, Huang J, He BC, Gao JL, Chen L, Zuo GW, Zhang W, Luo Q, Shi Q, Zhang BQ, Bi Y, Luo X, Jiang W, Su Y, Shen J, Kim SH, Huang E, Gao Y, Zhou JZ, Yang K, Luu HH, Pan X, Haydon RC, Deng ZL, He TC: TGFbeta/BMP type I receptors ALK1 and ALK2 are essential for BMP9-induced osteogenic signaling in mesenchymal stem cells. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 17;285(38):29588-98. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.130518. Epub 2010 Jul 13. [PubMed:20628059 ]
  5. Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV: Soluble endoglin specifically binds bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 via its orphan domain, inhibits blood vessel formation, and suppresses tumor growth. J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 26;286(34):30034-46. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.260133. Epub 2011 Jul 7. [PubMed:21737454 ]
  6. Mahlawat P, Ilangovan U, Biswas T, Sun LZ, Hinck AP: Structure of the Alk1 extracellular domain and characterization of its bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding properties. Biochemistry. 2012 Aug 14;51(32):6328-41. doi: 10.1021/bi300942x. Epub 2012 Aug 2. [PubMed:22799562 ]
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  8. Nolan-Stevaux O, Zhong W, Culp S, Shaffer K, Hoover J, Wickramasinghe D, Ruefli-Brasse A: Endoglin requirement for BMP9 signaling in endothelial cells reveals new mechanism of action for selective anti-endoglin antibodies. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e50920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050920. Epub 2012 Dec 27. [PubMed:23300529 ]
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  11. Wei Z, Salmon RM, Upton PD, Morrell NW, Li W: Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) by redox-dependent proteolysis. J Biol Chem. 2014 Nov 7;289(45):31150-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.579771. Epub 2014 Sep 18. [PubMed:25237187 ]
  12. Saito T, Bokhove M, Croci R, Zamora-Caballero S, Han L, Letarte M, de Sanctis D, Jovine L: Structural Basis of the Human Endoglin-BMP9 Interaction: Insights into BMP Signaling and HHT1. Cell Rep. 2017 May 30;19(9):1917-1928. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.011. [PubMed:28564608 ]
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