Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-05-30 20:55:53 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000176 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Maleic acid |
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Description | Maleic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. It consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 oC) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 oC). Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. Maleic acid is used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles. More specifically it is used in the manufacture of phthalic-type alkyd and polyester resins, surface coatings, copolymers, plasticizers, lubricant additives and agricultural chemicals. It is also found in adhesives and sealants and as a preservative for oils and fats. In the natural world, maleic acid has been identified in ginseng, pineapple, cacao plants, sour cherries and corn. A large number of microbes are able to convert maleic acid to D-malate using the enzyme maleate hydratase (PMID: 1444397 ). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1- |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(Z)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (Z)-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | cis-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | cis-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | H2Male | ChEBI | Toxilic acid | ChEBI | Maleate | Kegg | (Z)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (Z)-Butenedioate | Generator | cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | cis-But-2-enedioate | Generator | cis-Butenedioate | Generator | Toxilate | Generator | (2Z)-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | (2Z)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2Z)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | (2Z)-Butene-2-dioate | HMDB | (2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid | HMDB | 2-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | cis-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | cis-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Kyselina maleinova | HMDB | MAE | HMDB | Maleinic acid | HMDB | Malenic acid | HMDB | Malezid CM | HMDB | Scotchbond multipurpose etchant | HMDB | Maleic acid, disodium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monocopper (2+) salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, potassium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, sodium salt | HMDB | Sodium maleate | HMDB | Hydrogen maleate | HMDB | Maleic acid, ammonium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, calcium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, iron salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, neodymium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, dipotassium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monoammonium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monosodium salt | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C4H4O4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 116.0722 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 116.010958616 |
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IUPAC Name | (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | maleic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 110-16-7 |
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SMILES | OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1- |
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InChI Key | VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Fatty acyl
- Fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 130.5 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | 355.00 to 356.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est) | The Good Scents Company Information System | Water Solubility | 441 mg/mL at 25 °C | Not Available | LogP | -0.48 | SANGSTER (1994) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-0900000000-170a9d63d0cb31451c1d | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-001j-5940000000-59e85bafafc1675e24ad | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0uxs-9000000000-d768b92d45a58ec32ec7 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004i-9000000000-617284552377852c7c46 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-0910000000-15f30f525d5ea74dc9d4 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-0900000000-170a9d63d0cb31451c1d | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001j-5940000000-59e85bafafc1675e24ad | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-0900000000-4b46518e6c4f0c6724f2 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-01ba-9200000000-52f88e04bac0ff8cdf17 | 2017-08-28 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-8920000000-06da44f348d0fe0358b3 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00di-9200000000-77d8b2c7abcec2e3d5a1 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00di-9200000000-8d8a8b14a723e0363227 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0229-9700000000-061b31801a2ae4703fc5 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6L) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0uxs-9000000000-d768b92d45a58ec32ec7 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-2900000000-6bbe33cf398e663af0fc | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9100000000-550ee9efb3babd781bca | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-18e922c569242e2111e7 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-f344fe84d76f2bf06f91 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00fu-9000000000-6f90988f5d68f87b52d2 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9400000000-99bc7f4db87479b4122a | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-2900000000-6bbe33cf398e663af0fc | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9100000000-550ee9efb3babd781bca | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-18e922c569242e2111e7 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-f344fe84d76f2bf06f91 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF | splash10-00fu-9000000000-6f90988f5d68f87b52d2 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9400000000-99bc7f4db87479b4122a | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-31211857acba85ea77cd | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-deb5cdbb73c1005a302e | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 35V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-58cd192c368bc09a750e | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014j-9800000000-dbf34563376daeb2901f | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00xs-9200000000-113bf08cdc77707ed3ad | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00fr-9000000000-f32d7ec65e8649bc2b0a | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-2900000000-408d53a9fff7acc8ca23 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-6900000000-f149e9e5a34e27dd4d4e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0fxt-9000000000-cae5f71dc27daaf17d9e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | - Fibroblasts
- Neuron
- Pancreas
- Platelet
- Prostate
- Skeletal Muscle
- Spleen
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Available | Not Available | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 5.447 +/- 6.8 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 10.4 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 10.7 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.7 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.5 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.14 (0.73-1.78) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 10.7 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.585 +/- 1.123 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB04299 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB008113 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00007417 |
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Chemspider ID | 392248 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C01384 |
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BioCyc ID | MALEATE |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Maleic_acid |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 444266 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 18300 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000084 |
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Good Scents ID | rw1256251 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Dethloff, Christian; Barbarino, Sergio. Process temperature optimization in the manufacture of maleic acid by the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride. Eur. Pat. Appl. (1998), 7 pp. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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- Glazunova OO, Korepanova EA, Efimov VS, Smirnov AI, Vladimirov YuA: A synthetic polycation, a copolymer of 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazole iodide with maleic acid diethyl ester, increases passive ionic permeability in erythrocyte membranes modified by fatty acids. Membr Cell Biol. 1998;12(3):401-9. [PubMed:10024972 ]
- Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Uchida E, Arima Y, Mamada Y, Yamamoto K, Kaneko M, Terada Y, Kumazaki T: Experience with intraarterial infusion of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin (SMANCS)-lipiodol in pancreatic cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 Jul-Aug;46(28):2612-5. [PubMed:10522050 ]
- Benderli Y, Gokce K, Buyukgokcesu S: In vitro shear bond strength of adhesive to normal and fluoridated enamel under various contaminated conditions. Quintessence Int. 1999 Aug;30(8):570-5. [PubMed:10635272 ]
- Liu Y, Yanai R, Lu Y, Hirano S, Sagara T, Nishida T: Effects of antiglaucoma drugs on collagen gel contraction mediated by human corneal fibroblasts. J Glaucoma. 2006 Jun;15(3):255-9. [PubMed:16778650 ]
- Dorr J, Roth K, Zurbuchen U, Deisz R, Bechmann I, Lehmann TN, Meier S, Nitsch R, Zipp F: Tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing-ligand (TRAIL)-mediated death of neurons in living human brain tissue is inhibited by flupirtine-maleate. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Oct;167(1-2):204-9. [PubMed:16043230 ]
- Turcan RG, Hillbeck D, Hartley TE, Gilbert PJ, Coe RA, Troke JA, Vose CW: Disposition of [14C]velnacrine maleate in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993 Nov-Dec;21(6):1037-47. [PubMed:7905382 ]
- Chen CN, Huang GF, Guo MK, Lin CP: An in vitro study on restoring bond strength of a GIC to saliva contaminated enamel under unrinse condition. J Dent. 2002 Jul-Aug;30(5-6):189-94. [PubMed:12450709 ]
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- van der Werf MJ, van den Tweel WJ, Hartmans S: Screening for microorganisms producing D-malate from maleate. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Sep;58(9):2854-60. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2854-2860.1992. [PubMed:1444397 ]
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