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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:55:53 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000176
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00176
Metabolite Identification
Common NameMaleic acid
DescriptionMaleic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. It consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 oC) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 oC). Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. Maleic acid is used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles. More specifically it is used in the manufacture of phthalic-type alkyd and polyester resins, surface coatings, copolymers, plasticizers, lubricant additives and agricultural chemicals. It is also found in adhesives and sealants and as a preservative for oils and fats. In the natural world, maleic acid has been identified in ginseng, pineapple, cacao plants, sour cherries and corn. A large number of microbes are able to convert maleic acid to D-malate using the enzyme maleate hydratase (PMID: 1444397 ).
Structure
Data?1582752115
Synonyms
ValueSource
(Z)-2-Butenedioic acidChEBI
(Z)-Butenedioic acidChEBI
cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acidChEBI
cis-But-2-enedioic acidChEBI
cis-Butenedioic acidChEBI
H2MaleChEBI
Toxilic acidChEBI
MaleateKegg
(Z)-2-ButenedioateGenerator
(Z)-ButenedioateGenerator
cis-1,2-EthylenedicarboxylateGenerator
cis-But-2-enedioateGenerator
cis-ButenedioateGenerator
ToxilateGenerator
(2Z)-2-ButenedioateHMDB
(2Z)-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
(2Z)-But-2-enedioateHMDB
(2Z)-But-2-enedioic acidHMDB
(2Z)-Butene-2-dioateHMDB
(2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acidHMDB
2-ButenedioateHMDB
2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
cis-2-ButenedioateHMDB
cis-2-Butenedioic acidHMDB
Kyselina maleinovaHMDB
MAEHMDB
Maleinic acidHMDB
Malenic acidHMDB
Malezid CMHMDB
Scotchbond multipurpose etchantHMDB
Maleic acid, disodium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, monocopper (2+) saltHMDB
Maleic acid, potassium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, sodium saltHMDB
Sodium maleateHMDB
Hydrogen maleateHMDB
Maleic acid, ammonium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, calcium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, iron saltHMDB
Maleic acid, neodymium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, dipotassium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, monoammonium saltHMDB
Maleic acid, monosodium saltHMDB
Chemical FormulaC4H4O4
Average Molecular Weight116.0722
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight116.010958616
IUPAC Name(2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid
Traditional Namemaleic acid
CAS Registry Number110-16-7
SMILES
OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1-
InChI KeyVZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point130.5 °CNot Available
Boiling Point355.00 to 356.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility441 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogP-0.48SANGSTER (1994)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Not Available113.1http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00002070
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility24.1 g/LALOGPS
logP0.21ALOGPS
logP-0.041ChemAxon
logS-0.68ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.05ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area74.6 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity24.61 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability9.19 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+123.62231661259
DarkChem[M-H]-118.03231661259
AllCCS[M+H]+127.03232859911
AllCCS[M-H]-121.15732859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+119.68130932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-116.68330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-153.18230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+128.24330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+127.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+122.732859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+131.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+132.232859911
AllCCS[M-H]-121.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-124.332859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-127.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Maleic acidOC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O2299.6Standard polar33892256
Maleic acidOC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O1085.8Standard non polar33892256
Maleic acidOC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O1221.1Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Maleic acid,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)/C=C\C(=O)O1328.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Maleic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)/C=C\C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1339.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Maleic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)/C=C\C(=O)O1566.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Maleic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)/C=C\C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1788.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-170a9d63d0cb31451c1d2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-001j-5940000000-59e85bafafc1675e24ad2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0uxs-9000000000-d768b92d45a58ec32ec72017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004i-9000000000-617284552377852c7c462017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0910000000-15f30f525d5ea74dc9d42017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-170a9d63d0cb31451c1d2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-001j-5940000000-59e85bafafc1675e24ad2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-4b46518e6c4f0c6724f22017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01ba-9200000000-52f88e04bac0ff8cdf172017-08-28Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-8920000000-06da44f348d0fe0358b32017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Maleic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00di-9200000000-77d8b2c7abcec2e3d5a12012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00di-9200000000-8d8a8b14a723e03632272012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0229-9700000000-061b31801a2ae4703fc52012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6L) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0uxs-9000000000-d768b92d45a58ec32ec72012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-2900000000-6bbe33cf398e663af0fc2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9100000000-550ee9efb3babd781bca2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-18e922c569242e2111e72012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-f344fe84d76f2bf06f912012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00fu-9000000000-6f90988f5d68f87b52d22012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9400000000-99bc7f4db87479b4122a2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-2900000000-6bbe33cf398e663af0fc2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9100000000-550ee9efb3babd781bca2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-18e922c569242e2111e72017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-f344fe84d76f2bf06f912017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-00fu-9000000000-6f90988f5d68f87b52d22017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9400000000-99bc7f4db87479b4122a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-31211857acba85ea77cd2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-deb5cdbb73c1005a302e2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 35V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-58cd192c368bc09a750e2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014j-9800000000-dbf34563376daeb2901f2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00xs-9200000000-113bf08cdc77707ed3ad2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00fr-9000000000-f32d7ec65e8649bc2b0a2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-2900000000-408d53a9fff7acc8ca232017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-6900000000-f149e9e5a34e27dd4d4e2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Maleic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0fxt-9000000000-cae5f71dc27daaf17d9e2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Fibroblasts
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot Available
Normal
      Not Available
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.447 +/- 6.8 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.4 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.7 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.7 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.1 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.5 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.4 (0.3-0.5) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.14 (0.73-1.78) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.7 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.1 umol/mmol creatinineNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
UrineDetected and Quantified1.585 +/- 1.123 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB04299
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB008113
KNApSAcK IDC00007417
Chemspider ID392248
KEGG Compound IDC01384
BioCyc IDMALEATE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkMaleic_acid
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound444266
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18300
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000084
Good Scents IDrw1256251
References
Synthesis ReferenceDethloff, Christian; Barbarino, Sergio. Process temperature optimization in the manufacture of maleic acid by the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride. Eur. Pat. Appl. (1998), 7 pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed:8087979 ]
  2. Kotikoski H, Oksala O, Vapaatalo H, Aine E: Aqueous humour flow after a single oral dose of isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy volunteers. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003 Aug;81(4):355-60. [PubMed:12859262 ]
  3. Herreras JM, Pastor JC, Calonge M, Asensio VM: Ocular surface alteration after long-term treatment with an antiglaucomatous drug. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jul;99(7):1082-8. [PubMed:1495787 ]
  4. Klose T, Welzel PB, Werner C: Protein adsorption from flowing solutions on pure and maleic acid copolymer modified glass particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2006 Aug 1;51(1):1-9. Epub 2006 May 17. [PubMed:16797943 ]
  5. Renner L, Pompe T, Salchert K, Werner C: Dynamic alterations of fibronectin layers on copolymer substrates with graded physicochemical characteristics. Langmuir. 2004 Mar 30;20(7):2928-33. [PubMed:15835174 ]
  6. Gong Z, Lv Y, Huang Y, Zhang Z: Determination of ergometrine maleate by fluorescence detection. Luminescence. 2005 May-Jun;20(3):124-8. [PubMed:15924314 ]
  7. Goes MF, Sinhoreti MA, Consani S, Silva MA: Morphological effect of the type, concentration and etching time of acid solutions on enamel and dentin surfaces. Braz Dent J. 1998;9(1):3-10. [PubMed:9835798 ]
  8. Gallagher RM: Menstrual migraine and intermittent ergonovine therapy. Headache. 1989 Jun;29(6):366-7. [PubMed:2759844 ]
  9. Seki T, Wakabayashi M, Nakagawa T, Imamura M, Tamai T, Nishimura A, Yamashiki N, Okamura A, Inoue K: Hepatic infarction following percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Nov;10(11):915-8. [PubMed:9872612 ]
  10. Snider BJ, Moss JL, Revilla FJ, Lee CS, Wheeler VC, Macdonald ME, Choi DW: Neocortical neurons cultured from mice with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene: unaltered vulnerability to excitotoxins and other insults. Neuroscience. 2003;120(3):617-25. [PubMed:12895502 ]
  11. Lavit M, Saivin S, Boudra H, Michel F, Martin A, Cahiez G, Labaune JP, Chomard JM, Houin G: Determination of trimebutine and desmethyl-trimebutine in human plasma by HPLC. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Jul;50(7):640-4. [PubMed:10965422 ]
  12. Strasser G, Grabner G: The influence of long-term treatment with timolol on human tear lysozyme albumin content. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1982;218(2):93-5. [PubMed:7075967 ]
  13. Glazunova OO, Korepanova EA, Efimov VS, Smirnov AI, Vladimirov YuA: A synthetic polycation, a copolymer of 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazole iodide with maleic acid diethyl ester, increases passive ionic permeability in erythrocyte membranes modified by fatty acids. Membr Cell Biol. 1998;12(3):401-9. [PubMed:10024972 ]
  14. Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Uchida E, Arima Y, Mamada Y, Yamamoto K, Kaneko M, Terada Y, Kumazaki T: Experience with intraarterial infusion of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin (SMANCS)-lipiodol in pancreatic cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 Jul-Aug;46(28):2612-5. [PubMed:10522050 ]
  15. Benderli Y, Gokce K, Buyukgokcesu S: In vitro shear bond strength of adhesive to normal and fluoridated enamel under various contaminated conditions. Quintessence Int. 1999 Aug;30(8):570-5. [PubMed:10635272 ]
  16. Liu Y, Yanai R, Lu Y, Hirano S, Sagara T, Nishida T: Effects of antiglaucoma drugs on collagen gel contraction mediated by human corneal fibroblasts. J Glaucoma. 2006 Jun;15(3):255-9. [PubMed:16778650 ]
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