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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:20:01 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000248
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0001918
  • HMDB00248
  • HMDB01918
Metabolite Identification
Common NameThyroxine
Description
Structure
Data?1582752118
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC15H11I4NO4
Average Molecular Weight776.87
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight776.686681525
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid
Traditional Namelevothyroxine
CAS Registry Number51-48-9
SMILES
N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C15H11I4NO4/c16-8-4-7(5-9(17)13(8)21)24-14-10(18)1-6(2-11(14)19)3-12(20)15(22)23/h1-2,4-5,12,21H,3,20H2,(H,22,23)/t12-/m0/s1
InChI KeyXUIIKFGFIJCVMT-LBPRGKRZSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentPhenylalanine and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenylalanine or derivatives
  • Diphenylether
  • Diaryl ether
  • 3-phenylpropanoic-acid
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Amphetamine or derivatives
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Phenol ether
  • 2-halophenol
  • 2-iodophenol
  • Aralkylamine
  • Phenol
  • Halobenzene
  • Iodobenzene
  • Aryl halide
  • Aryl iodide
  • Benzenoid
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Ether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organoiodide
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Primary amine
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point235.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Not Available206.155http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000013
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Neuron
  • Ovary
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Anorexia nervosa
  1. Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed:10197568 ]
Hypothyroidism
  1. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed:9849813 ]
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
  1. Hattori N, Ishihara T, Moridera K, Hino M, Ikekubo K, Kurahachi H: A case of late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to partial 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Endocr J. 1993 Feb;40(1):107-9. [PubMed:7951484 ]
Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1
  1. Bertko E, Klammt J, Dusatkova P, Bahceci M, Gonc N, Ten Have L, Kandemir N, Mansmann G, Obermannova B, Oostdijk W, Pfaffle H, Rockstroh-Lippold D, Schlicke M, Tuzcu AK, Pfaffle R: Combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to gross deletions in the POU1F1 (PIT-1) and PROP1 genes. J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug;62(8):755-762. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2017.34. Epub 2017 Mar 30. [PubMed:28356564 ]
  2. Ayoola OO, Oladejo FA, Dattani M, Clayton PE: Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency caused by pit-I mutation and the challenges of management in a developing country. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2008 Dec;6(2):21-6. [PubMed:25161449 ]
Pendred Syndrome
  1. Coakley JC, Keir EH, Connelly JF: The association of thyroid dyshormonogenesis and deafness (Pendred syndrome): experience of the Victorian Neonatal Thyroid Screening Programme. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992 Oct;28(5):398-401. [PubMed:1389454 ]
Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency
  1. O'Rahilly S, Gray H, Humphreys PJ, Krook A, Polonsky KS, White A, Gibson S, Taylor K, Carr C: Brief report: impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function. N Engl J Med. 1995 Nov 23;333(21):1386-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199511233332104. [PubMed:7477119 ]
Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2
  1. White CW, Wiedermann BL, Kirkland RT, Clayton GW: Hereditary congenital nongoitrous hypothyroidism. Am J Dis Child. 1981 Jun;135(6):568-9. [PubMed:7234795 ]
  2. Al Taji E, Biebermann H, Limanova Z, Hnikova O, Zikmund J, Dame C, Gruters A, Lebl J, Krude H: Screening for mutations in transcription factors in a Czech cohort of 170 patients with congenital and early-onset hypothyroidism: identification of a novel PAX8 mutation in dominantly inherited early-onset non-autoimmune hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 May;156(5):521-9. doi: 10.1530/EJE-06-0709. [PubMed:17468187 ]
Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Insulin-dependent, With Fatal Secretory Diarrhea; Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-linked, Formerly
  1. Levy-Lahad E, Wildin RS: Neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy, thrombocytopenia, and endocrinopathy: Further evidence for an X-linked lethal syndrome. J Pediatr. 2001 Apr;138(4):577-80. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.111502. [PubMed:11295725 ]
Leptin Deficiency or Dysfunction
  1. Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O'Rahilly S: Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 16;341(12):879-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411204. [PubMed:10486419 ]
Proteinuria
  1. Chandurkar V, Shik J, Randell E: Exacerbation of underlying hypothyroidism caused by proteinuria and induction of urinary thyroxine loss: case report and subsequent investigation. Endocr Pract. 2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):97-103. [PubMed:18238748 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
  • 606788 (Anorexia nervosa)
  • 201810 (Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency)
  • 613038 (Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1)
  • 274600 (Pendred Syndrome)
  • 600955 (Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency)
  • 218700 (Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2)
  • 304790 (Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Insulin-dependent, With Fatal Secretory Diarrhea; Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-linked, Formerly)
  • 614962 (Leptin Deficiency or Dysfunction)
DrugBank IDDB00451
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID5614
KEGG Compound IDC01829
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkLevothyroxine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem CompoundNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18332
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDTHYOX_L
MarkerDB IDMDB00000121
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceMartinovich, V. P.; Katok, Ya. M.; Fil'chenkov, N. A.; Sviridov, O. V. Conjugated synthesis of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine. Vestsi Natsyyanal'nai Akademii Navuk Belarusi, Seryya Khimichnykh Navuk (2004), (1), 85-92.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific function:
Iodination and coupling of the hormonogenic tyrosines in thyroglobulin to yield the thyroid hormones T(3) and T(4).
Gene Name:
TPO
Uniprot ID:
P07202
Molecular weight:
102961.63
Reactions
3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine + Hydrogen peroxide → Thyroxine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + Waterdetails
General function:
Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). Plays a role in providing a source of plasma T3 by deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney.
Gene Name:
DIO1
Uniprot ID:
P49895
Molecular weight:
28924.21
Reactions
Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)details
General function:
Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine). Essential for providing the brain with appropriate levels of T3 during the critical period of development.
Gene Name:
DIO2
Uniprot ID:
Q92813
Molecular weight:
30551.48
Reactions
Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)details
General function:
Involved in hormone activity
Specific function:
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain
Gene Name:
TTR
Uniprot ID:
P02766
Molecular weight:
15886.9
General function:
Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific function:
Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum
Gene Name:
SERPINA7
Uniprot ID:
P05543
Molecular weight:
46324.1
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Required for the function of light chain amino-acid transporters. Involved in sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. Involved in guiding and targeting of LAT1 and LAT2 to the plasma membrane. When associated with SLC7A6 or SLC7A7 acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Required for normal and neoplastic cell growth. When associated with SLC7A5/LAT1, is also involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. When associated with SLC7A5 or SLC7A8, involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Together with ICAM1, regulates the transport activity LAT2 in polarized intestinal cells, by generating and delivering intracellular signals. When associated with SLC7A5, plays an important role in transporting L-leucine from the circulating blood to the retina across the inner blood-retinal barrier
Gene Name:
SLC3A2
Uniprot ID:
P08195
Molecular weight:
67993.3
General function:
Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into RT3 (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). RT3 and T2 are inactive metabolites. May play a role in preventing premature exposure of developing fetal tissues to adult levels of thyroid hormones. Can regulate circulating fetal thyroid hormone concentrations throughout gestation. Essential role for regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.
Gene Name:
DIO3
Uniprot ID:
P55073
Molecular weight:
33947.175
Reactions
Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)details
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of thyroxine. Involved in the metabolism of thyroxine (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SULT6B1
Uniprot ID:
Q6IMI4
Molecular weight:
Not Available
Reactions
Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + Thyroxine → Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + thyroxine-sulfatedetails

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone-3-sulfate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) are transported with much lower efficiency
Gene Name:
SLCO1C1
Uniprot ID:
Q9NYB5
Molecular weight:
78695.6
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver
Gene Name:
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y6L6
Molecular weight:
76448.0