Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:15:13 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000822 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | p-Hydroxymandelic acid |
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Description | p-Hydroxymandelic acid, also known as 4-hydroxymandelate or 4-hydroxyphenylglycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids. These are phenols that are unsubstituted at the 2-position. p-Hydroxymandelic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anatidaes (Anatidae), chickens (Gallus gallus), and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). This could make p-hydroxymandelic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. p-Hydroxymandelic acid is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on p-Hydroxymandelic acid. |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C8H8O4/c9-6-3-1-5(2-4-6)7(10)8(11)12/h1-4,7,9-10H,(H,11,12) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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4-Hydroxyphenylglycolic acid | ChEBI | 4-Hydroxyphenylglycolate | Generator | 4-Hydroxymandelate | Generator | p-Hydroxymandelate | Generator | (+/-)-alpha,4-dihydroxy-benzeneacetate | HMDB | (+/-)-alpha,4-dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid | HMDB | (R)-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | (RS)-p-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | (RS)-p-Hydroxymandelic acid | HMDB | (S)-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetate | HMDB | 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetic acid | HMDB | 3-Dimethylallyl-4-hydroxymandelate | HMDB | 3-Dimethylallyl-4-hydroxymandelic acid | HMDB | 4-Hydroxy-DL-mandelate | HMDB | 4-Hydroxy-DL-mandelic acid | HMDB | alpha,4-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetate | HMDB | alpha,4-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acid | HMDB | alpha,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetate | HMDB | alpha,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid | HMDB | D-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | D-p-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | delta-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | delta-p-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | DL-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | DL-4-Hydroxymandelic acid | HMDB | DL-p-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | DL-p-Hydroxymandelic acid | HMDB | DL-p-Hydroxyphenylglycolate | HMDB | DL-p-Hydroxyphenylglycolic acid | HMDB | Hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate | HMDB | Hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid | HMDB | L-4-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | L-p-Hydroxymandelate | HMDB | p-Hydroxy-mandelate | HMDB | p-Hydroxy-mandelic acid | HMDB | p-Hydroxyphenylglycolate | HMDB | p-Hydroxyphenylglycolic acid | HMDB | Para-hydroxymandelic acid | HMDB | 4-Hydroxymandelic acid, (D)-isomer | HMDB | Pisolithin b | HMDB | 2-Hydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid | HMDB | 2-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C8H8O4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 168.1467 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 168.042258744 |
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IUPAC Name | 2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid |
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Traditional Name | 4-hydroxymandelic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 1198-84-1 |
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SMILES | OC(C(O)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C8H8O4/c9-6-3-1-5(2-4-6)7(10)8(11)12/h1-4,7,9-10H,(H,11,12) |
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InChI Key | YHXHKYRQLYQUIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids. These are phenols that are unsubstituted at the 2-position. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Benzenoids |
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Class | Phenols |
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Sub Class | 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids |
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Direct Parent | 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Alpha-hydroxy acid
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Hydroxy acid
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 103 - 106 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(C(=O)O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 1792.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 1735.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(C(O)C(=O)O)C=C1 | 1720.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 1810.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)C=C1 | 1740.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1 | 1732.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1 | 1779.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(C(=O)O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 2047.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 1992.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(C(O)C(=O)O)C=C1 | 2005.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 | 2265.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)C=C1 | 2259.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1 | 2235.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | p-Hydroxymandelic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1 | 2424.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014i-1970000000-156d51ef8c0ad0f76d64 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014i-1970000000-156d51ef8c0ad0f76d64 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-8900000000-b062f43216386832dded | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-014i-1091000000-70622b0e5331b2fe290f | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_3_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-34b31ac9e80ec28f0bbc | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00dl-4900000000-776e3b6ee256d0fe5cb4 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-4900000000-9dd6f152de533ac938a2 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-9000000000-415c5d4c2ea88934e2c4 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 35V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-0900000000-9c790106a25e9dd43e94 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9300000000-73afdd4e3b6cbc4726e9 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-4900000000-48da404afde1f15d2691 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0v4i-0900000000-da456e31e91f9a9b7c34 | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-1900000000-bb2667f5c8ef34847d41 | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00fv-9600000000-c7c25ea1fa9244b02d82 | 2015-04-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-01b9-0900000000-0853088e78547b002394 | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00r7-4900000000-4fd0952fc81ec79b040f | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9200000000-6c7af63bb32592f280fa | 2015-04-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0v4i-0900000000-bc65c2527a8df7d8147a | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pba-4900000000-9f3e7769f03e19541e95 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-9000000000-3bd2d0f928f8e1b0e0b4 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-4900000000-a948bbe144908fb34a34 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0596-5900000000-a99429838637eb5a45ad | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - p-Hydroxymandelic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9100000000-a202d17e840c1184fce5 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI+, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2022-02-11 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI-, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2022-02-11 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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General References | - Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed:8087979 ]
- Watson DG, McGhee CN, Midgley JM, Zhou P, Doig WM: Determination of acidic metabolites of biogenic amines in human aqueous humour by gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Neurochem. 1992 Jan;58(1):116-20. [PubMed:1727423 ]
- Crowley JR, Couch MW, Williams CM, Threatte RM, Fregly MJ: Normal excretion of m-hydroxymandelic acid in hypertensive patients. Clin Chim Acta. 1981 Jan 22;109(2):125-31. [PubMed:7471493 ]
- Higa S, Kishimoto S: Isolation of 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids with a boronate affinity gel. Anal Biochem. 1986 Apr;154(1):71-4. [PubMed:3706738 ]
- Couch MW, Greer DM, Williams CM: Excretion of octopamine metabolites in neuroblastoma. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Jul 15;158(1):109-14. [PubMed:3091293 ]
- Niwa T, Ohki T, Maeda K, Saito A, Ohta K, Kobayashi K: A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for nine hydroxyphenolic acids in uremic serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Sep 3;96(3):247-54. [PubMed:487594 ]
- Arai K, Jin D, Kusu F, Takamura K: Determination of p-hydroxymandelic acid enantiomers in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997 Jun;15(9-10):1509-14. [PubMed:9226583 ]
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