Hmdb loader
Show more...Show more...Show more...Show more...Show more...
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-13 02:31:31 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:19 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0003648
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB03648
Metabolite Identification
Common NameRetinyl palmitate
DescriptionRetinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is a common vitamin supplement, with formula C36H60O2. It is available in both oral and injectable forms for treatment of vitamin A deficiency, under the brand names Aquasol and Palmitate. Retinyl palmitate is an alternate for retinyl acetate in vitamin A supplements, and is available in oily or dry forms. It is a pre-formed version of vitamin A, and can thus be realistically over-dosed, unlike beta-carotene.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC36H60O2
Average Molecular Weight524.8604
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight524.459331164
IUPAC Name(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-yl hexadecanoate
Traditional Namevitamin a palmitate
CAS Registry Number79-81-2
SMILES
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C36H60O2/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-25-35(37)38-30-28-32(3)23-20-22-31(2)26-27-34-33(4)24-21-29-36(34,5)6/h20,22-23,26-28H,7-19,21,24-25,29-30H2,1-6H3/b23-20+,27-26+,31-22+,32-28+
InChI KeyVYGQUTWHTHXGQB-FFHKNEKCSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as wax monoesters. These are waxes bearing an ester group at exactly one position.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acid esters
Direct ParentWax monoesters
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Wax monoester skeleton
  • Retinoid skeleton
  • Diterpenoid
  • Fatty alcohol ester
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point28.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility2.8e-11 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Placenta
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.105 +/- 0.109 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0071 +/- 0.0048 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDBSALT000855
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB030671
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4444162
KEGG Compound IDC02588
BioCyc IDCHOCOLA_A
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkRetinyl_palmitate
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5280531
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17616
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1302861
References
Synthesis ReferenceAjima, Ayako; Takahashi, Katsunobu; Matsushima, Ayako; Saito, Yuji; Inada, Yuji. Retinyl esters synthesis by polyethylene glycol-modified lipase in benzene. Biotechnology Letters (1986), 8(8), 547-52.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. In contrast to DGAT2 it is not essential for survival. May be involved in VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) assembly. In liver, plays a role in esterifying exogenous fatty acids to glycerol. Functions as the major acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) in the skin, where it acts to maintain retinoid homeostasis and prevent retinoid toxicity leading to skin and hair disorders.
Gene Name:
DGAT1
Uniprot ID:
O75907
Molecular weight:
55277.735
Reactions
Palmityl-CoA + Vitamin A → Coenzyme A + Retinyl palmitatedetails
General function:
Involved in phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransfera
Specific function:
Transfers the acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine to all-trans retinol, producing all-trans retinyl esters. Retinyl esters are storage forms of vitamin A. LRAT plays a critical role in vision. It provides the all-trans retinyl ester substrates for the isomerohydrolase which processes the esters into 11-cis-retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium; due to a membrane-associated alcohol dehydrogenase, 11 cis-retinol is oxidized and converted into 11-cis-retinaldehyde which is the chromophore for rhodopsin and the cone photopigments.
Gene Name:
LRAT
Uniprot ID:
O95237
Molecular weight:
25702.635
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups
Specific function:
Acyltransferase that predominantly esterify long chain (wax) alcohols with acyl-CoA-derived fatty acids to produce wax esters. Wax esters are enriched in sebum, suggesting that it plays a central role in lipid metabolism in skin. Has a preference for arachidyl alcohol as well as decyl alcohol, demonstrating its relatively poor activity using saturated long chain alcohols (C16, C18, and C20).
Gene Name:
AWAT1
Uniprot ID:
Q58HT5
Molecular weight:
37758.815
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups
Specific function:
Acyltransferase that predominantly esterify long chain (wax) alcohols with acyl-CoA-derived fatty acids to produce wax esters. Wax esters are enriched in sebum, suggesting that it plays a central role in lipid metabolism in skin. Has no activity using decyl alcohol and significantly prefers the C16 and C18 alcohols. May also have 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase (MGAT) and acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) activities, to catalyze the synthesis of diacylglycerols and retinyl esters; however this activity is unclear in vivo.
Gene Name:
AWAT2
Uniprot ID:
Q6E213
Molecular weight:
38093.25
Reactions
Palmityl-CoA + Vitamin A → Coenzyme A + Retinyl palmitatedetails