Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2009-04-06 16:19:54 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:17:40 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0012141 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate |
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Description | (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. The pathway of valine biosynthesis is a four-step pathway that shares all of its steps with the parallel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis. These entwined pathways are part of the superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis , that generates not only isoleucine and valine, but also leucine. (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate is generated from 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid via the enzyme ketol-acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86) then it is converted to 2-Oxoisovalerate via the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.9). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C5H10O4/c1-5(2,9)3(6)4(7)8/h3,6,9H,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t3-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovaleric acid | ChEBI | (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate | Kegg | (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid | Generator | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate | HMDB | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid | HMDB | (R)-(-)-alpha,beta-Dihydroxyisovaleric acid | HMDB | (R)-(-)-α,β-Dihydroxyisovaleric acid | HMDB | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C5H10O4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 134.1305 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 134.057908808 |
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IUPAC Name | (2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate |
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CAS Registry Number | 19451-56-0 |
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SMILES | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C5H10O4/c1-5(2,9)3(6)4(7)8/h3,6,9H,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t3-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | JTEYKUFKXGDTEU-VKHMYHEASA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Fatty acids and conjugates |
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Direct Parent | Hydroxy fatty acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Branched fatty acid
- Methyl-branched fatty acid
- Short-chain hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy fatty acid
- Alpha-hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy acid
- Monosaccharide
- Tertiary alcohol
- 1,2-diol
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O | 1245.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1252.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1140.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1328.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1290.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1250.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1372.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O | 1517.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1487.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1368.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1778.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1738.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(O)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1714.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2011.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-59e6990530d950227520 | 2016-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00s9-9473000000-9708bfc20ee5ae043678 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00kr-4900000000-196ffbbf313a33f24f27 | 2015-09-14 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00ri-9300000000-aebebbbe2c7c11465a67 | 2015-09-14 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-92af6a04d8cb7601ab35 | 2015-09-14 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0019-9500000000-2837622949a6bd688094 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00s9-9400000000-0fc7aa81197fc5feb444 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00dr-9000000000-45f3b95b2f30ea8445c1 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-001i-2900000000-fab4ee9aeca7067a9207 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-056r-9100000000-b3da44872fd12f996ec6 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-05fr-9000000000-571b504e001a1456ab10 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00kr-9600000000-e4a123bb359dea0126e3 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-05g0-9000000000-30fdda4eee690af3ee50 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-285f7931bf8163b701da | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <25 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Metastatic melanoma | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Attachment loss | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Missing teeth | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Periodontal Probing Depth | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Bladder cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 782-2500 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 27-406 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 82-187 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Propionic acidemia | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 566-704 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 638 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cobalamin A disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 33 umol/mmol creatinine | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cobalamin C disease | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Metastatic melanoma |
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- Frankel AE, Coughlin LA, Kim J, Froehlich TW, Xie Y, Frenkel EP, Koh AY: Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing and Unbiased Metabolomic Profiling Identify Specific Human Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy in Melanoma Patients. Neoplasia. 2017 Oct;19(10):848-855. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.004. Epub 2017 Sep 15. [PubMed:28923537 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Attachment loss |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Missing teeth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Periodontal Probing Depth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency |
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- Peters H, Ferdinandusse S, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ, Boneh A, Pitt J: Metabolite studies in HIBCH and ECHS1 defects: Implications for screening. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Aug;115(4):168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 24. [PubMed:26163321 ]
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase deficiency |
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- Peters H, Ferdinandusse S, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ, Boneh A, Pitt J: Metabolite studies in HIBCH and ECHS1 defects: Implications for screening. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Aug;115(4):168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 24. [PubMed:26163321 ]
| Cobalamin A disease |
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- Peters H, Ferdinandusse S, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ, Boneh A, Pitt J: Metabolite studies in HIBCH and ECHS1 defects: Implications for screening. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Aug;115(4):168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 24. [PubMed:26163321 ]
| Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type |
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- Peters H, Ferdinandusse S, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ, Boneh A, Pitt J: Metabolite studies in HIBCH and ECHS1 defects: Implications for screening. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Aug;115(4):168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 24. [PubMed:26163321 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 250620 (3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase deficiency)
- 277400 (Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB028799 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 389255 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C04272 |
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BioCyc ID | CPD-13357 |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 440279 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 15684 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | 23DHMB |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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