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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Taurine (HMDB00251)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-07-07 14:32:49
Accession Number HMDB00251
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Taurine
Description Taurine is a sulfur amino acid like methionine, cystine, cysteine and homocysteine. It is a lesser-known amino acid because it is not incorporated into the structural building blocks of protein. Yet taurine is an essential amino acid in pre-term and newborn infants of humans and many other species. Adults can synthesize their own taurine, yet are probably dependent in part on dietary taurine. Taurine is abundant in the brain, heart, breast, gallbladder and kidney and has important roles in health and disease in these organs. Taurine has many diverse biological functions serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain, a stabilizer of cell membranes and a facilitator in the transport of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Taurine is highly concentrated in animal and fish protein, which are good sources of dietary taurine. It can be synthesized by the body from cysteine when vitamin B6 is present. Deficiency of taurine occurs in premature infants and neonates fed formula milk, and in various disease states. Inborn errors of taurine metabolism have been described. OMIM 168605, an unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion through 3 generations of a family. Symptoms began late in the fifth decade in 6 affected persons and death occurred after 4 to 6 years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Sleep disturbances, exhaustion and marked weight loss were features. Parkinsonism developed later, and respiratory failure occurred terminally. OMIM 145350 describes congestive cardiomyopathy and markedly elevated urinary taurine levels (about 5 times normal). Other family members had late or holosystolic mitral valve prolapse and elevated urinary taurine values (about 2.5 times normal). In 2 with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy eventually developed while the amounts of urinary taurine doubled. Taurine, after GABA, is the second most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibitory effect is one source of taurine's anticonvulsant and antianxiety properties. It also lowers glutamic acid in the brain, and preliminary clinical trials suggest taurine may be useful in some forms of epilepsy. Taurine in the brain is usually associated with zinc or manganese. The amino acids alanine and glutamic acid, as well as pantothenic acid, inhibit taurine metabolism while vitamins A and B6, zinc and manganese help build taurine. Cysteine and B6 are the nutrients most directly involved in taurine synthesis. Taurine levels have been found to decrease significantly in many depressed patients. One reason that the findings are not entirely clear is because taurine is often elevated in the blood of epileptics who need it. It is often difficult to distinguish compensatory changes in human biochemistry from true metabolic or deficiency disease. Low levels of taurine are found in retinitis pigmentosa. Taurine deficiency in experimental animals produces degeneration of light-sensitive cells. Therapeutic applications of taurine to eye disease are likely to be forthcoming. Taurine has many important metabolic roles. Supplements can stimulate prolactin and insulin release. The parathyroid gland makes a peptide hormone called glutataurine (glutamic acid-taurine), which further demonstrates taurine's role in endocrinology. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function. It seems to inhibit the effect of morphine and potentiates the effects of opiate antagonists. Low plasma taurine levels have been found in a variety of conditions, i.e., depression, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gout, institutionalized patients, infertility, obesity, kidney failure and others. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/)
Synonyms
  1. 1-Aminoethane-2-sulfonate
  2. 1-Aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid
  3. 2-Aminoethanesulfonate
  4. 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid
  5. 2-Aminoethylsulfonate
  6. 2-Aminoethylsulfonic acid
  7. 2-Sulfoethylamine
  8. Aminoethylsulfonate
  9. Aminoethylsulfonic acid
  10. Taurine
  11. b-Aminoethylsulfonate
  12. b-Aminoethylsulfonic acid
  13. beta-Aminoethylsulfonate
  14. beta-Aminoethylsulfonic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-amino-Ethanesulfonic acid
Chemical Formula C2H7NO3S
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • sulfonic acid
Biofunction
  • Osmolyte
  • Essential amino acid
  • Protein component
  • Component of Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 125.147
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 125.014664
Isomeric SMILES NCCS(O)(=O)=O
Canonical SMILES NCCS(O)(=O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C00245 Link Image
BioCyc ID Not Available
BiGG ID 34373 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Taurine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00251 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00251 Link Image
METLIN ID 31 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1123 Link Image
PubChem Substance 11113407 Link Image
ChEBI ID 15891 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 107-35-7
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
Synthesis Reference Hu, Libo; Zhu, Hui; Du, Da-Ming; Xu, Jiaxi. Efficient synthesis of taurine and structurally diverse substituted taurines from aziridines. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2007), 72(12), 4543-4546.
Melting Point (Experimental) 300 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 80.7 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 104.99999 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.19 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -1.7 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; -3.36 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1GY9 Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
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Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • Extracellular
  • peroxisome
Biofluid Location
  • Bile
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Brain —
Epidermis —
Erythrocyte —
Fibroblasts —
Intestine —
Keratinocyte —
Kidney —
Leukocyte —
Liver —
Lymphocyte —
Muscle —
Nerve Cells —
Nervous Tissues —
Neuron —
Pancreas —
Placenta —
Platelet —
Retina —
Skeletal Muscle —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Bile
Value >10 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Khan SA, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD: In vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for investigating hepatobiliary disease: a review of H and P MRS applications. Liver Int. 2005 Apr;25(2):273-81. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 55.0 (42.0-69.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 104.0 +/- 62.0 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 162.0 +/- 60.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 141.0 +/- 57.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 61.0 +/- 17.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 42.0 +/- 12.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 91.0 +/- 3.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 6.6 +/- 1.7 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 8.24 (5.48-11.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 13.4 +/- 2.7 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 8.4 +/- 2.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 5.5 +/- 1.5 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 5.87 +/- 0.63 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 63.2 (21.1-105.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.8 (0.26-1.5) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 54.7 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guo K, Li L: Differential (12)C-/(13)C-Isotope Dansylation Labeling and Fast Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Absolute and Relative Quantification of the Metabolome. Anal Chem. 2009 Mar 23. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 867 +/- 249 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009
Biofluid Urine
Value 100.00 (0.00-200.00) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 117.0 +/- 7.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Heart failure
Comments Non-diabetic patients with chronic heart failure
References
  • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 5.80 (5.30-6.30) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Epilepsy
Comments Acute tonic clonic seizures
References
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 6.49 (4.60-8.38) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Parkinson's disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 8.0 +/- 4.3 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 10.4 +/- 11.1 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central Nervous System (CNS) disease
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 5.0 +/- 0.86 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Schizophrenia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 67 +/- 50 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Lung Cancer
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 863.5 (466.00-1261.00) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Epilepsy
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Heart failure
  • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Leukemia
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Lung Cancer —
Parkinson's disease
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Schizophrenia
  • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Bile Acid Biosynthesis SMP00035 Link Image map00120 Link Image
Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism SMP00021 Link Image map00430 Link Image
General References
  1. Vinton NE, Laidlaw SA, Ament ME, Kopple JD: Taurine concentrations in plasma, blood cells, and urine of children undergoing long-term total parenteral nutrition. Pediatr Res. 1987 Apr;21(4):399-403. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gonzalez-Quevedo A, Obregon F, Fernandez R, Santiesteban R, Serrano C, Lima L: Amino acid levels and ratios in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with optic neuropathy in Cuba. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(1):51-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schneider SM, Joly F, Gehrardt MF, Badran AM, Myara A, Thuillier F, Coudray-Lucas C, Cynober L, Trivin F, Messing B: Taurine status and response to intravenous taurine supplementation in adults with short-bowel syndrome undergoing long-term parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. Br J Nutr. 2006 Aug;96(2):365-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. McCarty MF: Complementary vascular-protective actions of magnesium and taurine: a rationale for magnesium taurate. Med Hypotheses. 1996 Feb;46(2):89-100. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Kopple JD, Vinton NE, Laidlaw SA, Ament ME: Effect of intravenous taurine supplementation on plasma, blood cell, and urine taurine concentrations in adults undergoing long-term parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Nov;52(5):846-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. McMahon GP, O'Kennedy R, Kelly MT: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of taurine in human plasma using pre-column extraction and derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1996 Jun;14(8-10):1287-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Stover JF, Morganti-Kosmann MC, Lenzlinger PM, Stocker R, Kempski OS, Kossmann T: Glutamate and taurine are increased in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of severely brain-injured patients. J Neurotrauma. 1999 Feb;16(2):135-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Learn DB, Fried VA, Thomas EL: Taurine and hypotaurine content of human leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 1990 Aug;48(2):174-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Miglis M, Wilder D, Reid T, Bakaltcheva I: Effect of taurine on platelets and the plasma coagulation system. Platelets. 2002 Feb;13(1):5-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Axelson M, Ellis E, Mork B, Garmark K, Abrahamsson A, Bjorkhem I, Ericzon BG, Einarsson C: Bile acid synthesis in cultured human hepatocytes: support for an alternative biosynthetic pathway to cholic acid. Hepatology. 2000 Jun;31(6):1305-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Hu S, Zhao X, Yin S, Meng J: [A study on the mechanism of taurine postponing the aging process of human fetal brain neural cells] Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 1997 Mar;26(2):98-101. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Goodman HO, Shihabi Z, Oles KS: Antiepileptic drugs and plasma and platelet taurine in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989 Mar-Apr;30(2):201-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Sturman JA, Messing JM, Rossi SS, Hofmann AF, Neuringer MD: Tissue taurine content and conjugated bile acid composition of rhesus monkey infants fed a human infant soy-protein formula with or without taurine supplementation for 3 months. Neurochem Res. 1988 Apr;13(4):311-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Khan SA, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD: In vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for investigating hepatobiliary disease: a review of H and P MRS applications. Liver Int. 2005 Apr;25(2):273-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Gonzalez-Quevedo A, Obregon F, Santiesteban Freixas R, Fernandez R, Lima L: [Amino acids as biochemical markers in epidemic and endemic optic neuropathies] Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1998;50 Suppl:241-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
  2. Glutamate decarboxylase 2
  3. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 precursor
  4. Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase
  5. Hypothetical protein GAD1
  6. Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
  7. Gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 homolog
  8. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor
  9. GGTL3 protein (Fragment)
  10. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-like activity 1
  11. Transporter
  12. Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6 (Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6, isoform CRA_a)
  13. cDNA FLJ60211, highly similar to Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5821
Enzyme 1 Name Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. BAT
  2. BACAT
  3. Glycine N-choloyltransferase
  4. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA hydrolase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name BAAT
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase 
MIQLTATPVSALVDEPVHIRATGLIPFQMVSFQASLEDENGDMFYSQAHYRANEFGEVDL
NHASSLGGDYMGVHPMGLFWSLKPEKLLTRLLKRDVMNRPFQVQVKLYDLELIVNNKVAS
APKASLTLERWYVAPGVTRIKVREGRLRGALFLPPGEGLFPGVIDLFGGLGGLLEFRASL
LASRGFASLALAYHNYEDLPRKPEVTDLEYFEEAANFLLRHPKVFGSGVGVVSVCQGVQI
GLSMAIYLKQVTATVLINGTNFPFGIPQVYHGQIHQPLPHSAQLISTNALGLLELYRTFE
TTQVGASQYLFPIEEAQGQFLFIVGEGDKTINSKAHAEQAIGQLKRHGKNNWTLLSYPGA
GHLIEPPYSPLCCASTTHDLRLHWGGEVIPHAAAQEHAWKEIQRFLRKHLIPDVTSQL
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 418
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 46300
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.00
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • CoA hydrolase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
  • palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity
  • thiolester hydrolase activity
Process
  • lipid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • primary metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + palmitate
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 532505 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q14032 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BAAT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1257 bp 
ATGATCCAGTTGACAGCTACCCCTGTGAGTGCACTTGTTGATGAGCCAGTGCATATCCGA
GCTACAGGCCTGATTCCCTTTCAGATGGTGAGTTTTCAGGCATCACTGGAAGATGAAAAC
GGAGACATGTTTTATTCTCAAGCCCACTATAGGGCCAATGAATTCGGTGAGGTGGACCTG
AATCATGCTTCTTCACTTGGAGGGGATTATATGGGAGTCCACCCCATGGGTCTCTTCTGG
TCTCTGAAACCTGAAAAGCTATTAACAAGACTGTTGAAAAGAGATGTGATGAATAGGCCT
TTCCAGGTCCAAGTAAAACTTTATGACTTAGAGTTAATAGTGAACAATAAAGTTGCCAGT
GCTCCAAAGGCCAGCCTGACTTTGGAGAGGTGGTATGTGGCACCTGGTGTCACACGAATT
AAGGTTCGAGAAGGCCGCCTTCGAGGAGCTCTCTTTCTCCCTCCAGGAGAGGGTCTCTTC
CCAGGGGTAATTGATTTGTTTGGTGGTTTGGGTGGGCTGCTTGAATTTCGGGCCAGCCTC
CTAGCCAGTCGTGGCTTCGCCTCCTTGGCCTTGGCTTACCATAACTATGAAGACCTGCCC
CGCAAACCAGAAGTAACAGATTTGGAATATTTTGAGGAGGCTGCCAACTTTCTCCTGAGA
CATCCAAAGGTCTTTGGCTCAGGCGTTGGGGTAGTCTCTGTATGTCAAGGAGTACAGATT
GGACTATCTATGGCTATTTACCTAAAGCAAGTCACAGCCACGGTACTTATTAATGGGACC
AACTTTCCTTTTGGCATTCCACAGGTATATCATGGTCAGATCCATCAGCCCCTTCCCCAT
TCTGCACAATTAATATCCACCAATGCCTTGGGGTTACTAGAGCTCTATCGCACTTTTGAG
ACAACTCAAGTTGGGGCCAGTCAATATTTGTTTCCTATTGAAGAGGCCCAGGGGCAATTC
CTCTTCATTGTAGGAGAAGGTGATAAGACTATCAACAGCAAAGCACACGCTGAACAAGCC
ATAGGACAGCTGAAGAGACATGGGAAGAACAACTGGACCCTGCTATCTTACCCTGGGGCA
GGCCACCTGATAGAACCTCCCTATTCTCCTCTGTGCTGTGCCTCAACGACCCACGATTTG
AGGTTACACTGGGGAGGAGAGGTGATCCCACACGCAGCTGCACAGGAACATGCTTGGAAG
GAGATCCAGAGATTTCTCAGGAAGCACCTCATTCCAGATGTGACCAGTCAACTCTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID L34081 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID BAAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID BAAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:932 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 9
Enzyme 1 Locus 9q22.3
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Falany CN, Johnson MR, Barnes S, Diasio RB: Glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids by a single enzyme. Molecular cloning and expression of human liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 29;269(30):19375-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Carlton VE, Harris BZ, Puffenberger EG, Batta AK, Knisely AS, Robinson DL, Strauss KA, Shneider BL, Lim WA, Salen G, Morton DH, Bull LN: Complex inheritance of familial hypercholanemia with associated mutations in TJP2 and BAAT. Nat Genet. 2003 May;34(1):91-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5975
Enzyme 2 Name Glutamate decarboxylase 2
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform
  2. GAD-65
  3. 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name GAD2
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Glutamate decarboxylase 2 
MASPGSGFWSFGSEDGSGDSENPGTARAWCQVAQKFTGGIGNKLCALLYGDAEKPAESGG
SQPPRAAARKAACACDQKPCSCSKVDVNYAFLHATDLLPACDGERPTLAFLQDVMNILLQ
YVVKSFDRSTKVIDFHYPNELLQEYNWELADQPQNLEEILMHCQTTLKYAIKTGHPRYFN
QLSTGLDMVGLAADWLTSTANTNMFTYEIAPVFVLLEYVTLKKMREIIGWPGGSGDGIFS
PGGAISNMYAMMIARFKMFPEVKEKGMAALPRLIAFTSEHSHFSLKKGAAALGIGTDSVI
LIKCDERGKMIPSDLERRILEAKQKGFVPFLVSATAGTTVYGAFDPLLAVADICKKYKIW
MHVDAAWGGGLLMSRKHKWKLSGVERANSVTWNPHKMMGVPLQCSALLVREEGLMQNCNQ
MHASYLFQQDKHYDLSYDTGDKALQCGRHVDVFKLWLMWRAKGTTGFEAHVDKCLELAEY
LYNIIKNREGYEMVFDGKPQHTNVCFWYIPPSLRTLEDNEERMSRLSKVAPVIKARMMEY
GTTMVSYQPLGDKVNFFRMVISNPAATHQDIDFLIEEIERLGQDL
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 585
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 65412
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.89
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • carbon-carbon lyase activity
  • carboxy-lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • lyase activity
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Catalyzes the production of GABA
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 182934 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q05329 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DCE2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1758 bp 
ATGGCATCTCCGGGCTCTGGCTTTTGGTCTTTCGGGTCGGAAGATGGCTCTGGGGATTCC
GAGAATCCCGGCACAGCGCGAGCCTGGTGCCAAGTGGCTCAGAAGTTCACGGGCGGCATC
GGAAACAAACTGTGCGCCCTGCTCTACGGAGACGCCGAGAAGCCGGCGGAGAGCGGCGGG
AGCCAACCCCCGCGGGCCGCCGCCCGGAAGGCCGCCTGCGCCTGCGACCAGAAGCCCTGC
AGCTGCTCCAAAGTGGATGTCAACTACGCGTTTCTCCATGCAACAGACCTGCTGCCGGCG
TGTGATGGAGAAAGGCCCACTTTGGCGTTTCTGCAAGATGTTATGAACATTTTACTTCAG
TATGTGGTGAAAAGTTTCGATAGATCAACCAAAGTGATTGATTTCCATTATCCTAATGAG
CTTCTCCAAGAATATAATTGGGAATTGGCAGACCAACCACAAAATTTGGAGGAAATTTTG
ATGCATTGCCAAACAACTCTAAAATATGCAATTAAAACAGGGCATCCTAGATACTTCAAT
CAACTTTCTACTGGTTTGGATATGGTTGGATTAGCAGCAGACTGGCTGACATCAACAGCA
AATACTAACATGTTCACCTATGAAATTGCTCCAGTATTTGTGCTTTTGGAATATGTCACA
CTAAAGAAAATGAGAGAAATCATTGGCTGGCCAGGGGGCTCTGGCGATGGGATATTTTCT
CCCGGTGGCGCCATATCTAACATGTATGCCATGATGATCGCACGCTTTAAGATGTTCCCA
GAAGTCAAGGAGAAAGGAATGGCTGCTCTTCCCAGGCTCATTGCCTTCACGTCTGAACAT
AGTCATTTTTCTCTCAAGAAGGGAGCTGCAGCCTTAGGGATTGGAACAGACAGCGTGATT
CTGATTAAATGTGATGAGAGAGGGAAAATGATTCCATCTGATCTTGAAAGAAGGATTCTT
GAAGCCAAACAGAAAGGGTTTGTTCCTTTCCTCGTGAGTGCCACAGCTGGAACCACCGTG
TACGGAGCATTTGACCCCCTCTTAGCTGTCGCTGACATTTGCAAAAAGTATAAGATCTGG
ATGCATGTGGATGCAGCTTGGGGTGGGGGATTACTGATGTCCCGAAAACACAAGTGGAAA
CTGAGTGGCGTGGAGAGGGCCAACTCTGTGACGTGGAATCCACACAAGATGATGGGAGTC
CCTTTGCAGTGCTCTGCTCTCCTGGTTAGAGAAGAGGGATTGATGCAGAATTGCAACCAA
ATGCATGCCTCCTACCTCTTTCAGCAAGATAAACATTATGACCTGTCCTATGACACTGGA
GACAAGGCCTTACAGTGCGGACGCCACGTTGATGTTTTTAAACTATGGCTGATGTGGAGG
GCAAAGGGGACTACCGGGTTTGAAGCGCATGTTGATAAATGTTTGGAGTTGGCAGAGTAT
TTATACAACATCATAAAAAACCGAGAAGGATATGAGATGGTGTTTGATGGGAAGCCTCAG
CACACAAATGTCTGCTTCTGGTACATTCCTCCAAGCTTGCGTACTCTGGAAGACAATGAA
GAGAGAATGAGTCGCCTCTCGAAGGTGGCTCCAGTGATTAAAGCCAGAATGATGGAGTAT
GGAACCACAATGGTCAGCTACCAACCCTTGGGAGACAAGGTCAATTTCTTCCGCATGGTC
ATCTCAAACCCAGCGGCAACTCACCAAGACATTGACTTCCTGATTGAAGAAATAGAACGC
CTTGGACAAGATTTATAA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID M81882 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID GAD2 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID GAD2 Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:4093 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 10
Enzyme 2 Locus 10p11.23
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Karlsen AE, Hagopian WA, Grubin CE, Dube S, Disteche CM, Adler DA, Barmeier H, Mathewes S, Grant FJ, Foster D, et al.: Cloning and primary structure of a human islet isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from chromosome 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8337-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, Tillakaratne NJ, Kaufman DL, Wagner-McPherson CB, Evans GA, Tobin AJ: Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2115-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Bu DF, Tobin AJ: The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD. Genomics. 1994 May 1;21(1):222-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Mauch L, Abney CC, Berg H, Scherbaum WA, Liedvogel B, Northemann W: Characterization of a linear epitope within the human pancreatic 64-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase and its autoimmune recognition by sera from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Mar 1;212(2):597-603. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Kim J, Richter W, Aanstoot HJ, Shi Y, Fu Q, Rajotte R, Warnock G, Baekkeskov S: Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1993 Dec;42(12):1799-808. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Namchuk M, Lindsay L, Turck CW, Kanaani J, Baekkeskov S: Phosphorylation of serine residues 3, 6, 10, and 13 distinguishes membrane anchored from soluble glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and is restricted to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65alpha. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 17;272(3):1548-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Kanaani J, el-Husseini Ael-D, Aguilera-Moreno A, Diacovo JM, Bredt DS, Baekkeskov S: A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65. J Cell Biol. 2002 Sep 30;158(7):1229-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 6005
Enzyme 3 Name Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 precursor
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. Gamma- glutamyltransferase 1
  2. GGT 1
  3. CD224 antigen[Contains: Gamma- glutamyltranspeptidase 1 heavy chain
  4. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 light chain]
Enzyme 3 Gene Name GGT1
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 precursor 
MKKKLVVLGLLAVVLVLVIVGLCLWLPSASKEPDNHVYTRAAVAADAKQCSKIGRDALRD
GGSAVDAAIAALLCVGLMNAHSMGIGGGLFLTIYNSTTRKAEVINAREVAPRLAFATMFN
SSEQSQKGGLSVAVPGEIRGYELAHQRHGRLPWARLFQPSIQLARQGFPVGKGLAAALEN
KRTVIEQQPVLCEVFCRDRKVLREGERLTLPQLADTYETLAIEGAQAFYNGSLTAQIVKD
IQAAGGIVTAEDLNNYRAELIEHPLNISLGDVVLYMPSAPLSGPVLALILNILKGYNFSR
ESVESPEQKGLTYHRIVEAFRFAYAKRTLLGDPKFVDVTEVVRNMTSEFFAAQLRAQISD
DTTHPISYYKPEFYTPDDGGTAHLSVVAEDGSAVSATSTINLYFGSKVRSPVSGILFNNE
MDDFSSPSITNEFGVPPSPANFIQPGKQPLSSMCPTIMVGQDGQVRMVVGAAGGTQITTA
TALAIIYNLWFGYDVKRAVEEPRLHNQLLPNVTTVERNIDQAVTAALETRHHHTQIASTF
IAVVQAIVRTAGGWAAASDSRKGGEPAGY
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 569
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 61411
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 7.14
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Initiates extracellular glutathione (GSH) breakdown, provides cells with a local cysteine supply and contributes to maintain intracelular GSH level. It is part of the cell antioxidant defense mechanism. Catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. Alternatively, glutathione can be hydrolyzed to give Cys-Gly and gamma glutamate. Isoform 3 seems to be inactive
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = peptide + 5-L-glutamyl amino acid
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • 1-30
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 183138 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P19440 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GGT1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1710 bp 
ATGAAGAAGAAGTTAGTGGTGCTGGGCCTGCTGGCCGTGGTCCTGGTGCTGGTCATTGTC
GGCCTCTGTCTCTGGCTGCCCTCAGCCTCCAAGGAACCTGACAACCATGTGTACACCAGG
GCTGCCGTGGCCGCGGATGCCAAGCAGTGCTCGAAGATTGGGAGGGATGCACTGCGGGAC
GGTGGCTCTGCGGTGGATGCAGCCATTGCAGCCCTGTTGTGTGTGGGGCTCATGAATGCC
CACAGCATGGGCATCGGGGGTGGCCTCTTCCTCACCATCTACAACAGCACCACACGAAAA
GCTGAGGTCATCAACGCCCGCGAGGTGGCCCCCAGGCTGGCCTTTGCCACCATGTTCAAC
AGCTCGGAGCAGTCCCAGAAGGGGGGGCTGTCGGTGGCGGTGCCTGGGGAGATCCGAGGC
TATGAGCTGGCACACCAGCGGCATGGGCGGCTGCCCTGGGCTCGCCTCTTCCAGCCCAGC
ATCCAGCTGGCCCGCCAGGGCTTCCCCGTGGGCAAGGGCTTGGCGGCAGCCCTGGAAAAC
AAGCGGACCGTCATCGAGCAGCAGCCTGTCTTGTGTGAGGTGTTCTGCCGGGATAGAAAG
GTGCTTCGGGAGGGGGAGAGACTGACCCTGCCGCAGCTGGCTGACACCTACGAGACGCTG
GCCATCGAGGGTGCCCAGGCCTTCTACAACGGCAGCCTCACGGCCCAGATTGTGAAGGAC
ATCCAGGCGGCCGGGGGCATTGTGACAGCTGAGGACCTGAACAACTACCGTGCTGAGCTG
ATCGAGCACCCGCTGAACATCAGCCTGGGAGACGCGGTGCTGTACATGCCCAGTGCGCCG
CTCAGCGGGCCCGTGCTGGCCCTCATCCTCAACATCCTCAAAGGGTACAACTTCTCCCGG
GAGAGCGTGGAGAGCCCCGAGCAGAAGGGCCTGACGTACCACCGCATCGTAGAGGCTTTC
CGGTTTGCCTACGCCAAGAGGACCCTGCTTGGGGACCCCAAGTTTGTGGATGTGACTGAG
GTGGTCCGCAACATGACCTCCGAGTTCTTCGCTGCCCAGCTCCGGGCCCAGATCTCTGAC
GACACCACTCACCCGATCTCCTACTACAAGCCCGAGTTCTACACGCCGGATGACGGGGGC
ACTGCTCACCTGTCTGTCGTCGCAGAGGACGGCAGTGCTGTGTCCGCCACCAGCACCATC
AACCTCTACTTTGGCTCCAAGGTCCGCTCCCCGGTCAGCGGGATCCTGTTCAATAATGAA
ATGGACGACTTCAGCTCTCCCAGCATCACCAACGAGTTTGGGGTACCCCCCTCACCTGCC
AATTTCATCCAGCCAGGGAAGCAGCCGCTCTCGTCCATGTGCCCGACGATCATGGTGGGC
CAGGACGGCCAGGTCCGGATGGTGGTGGGAGCTGCTGGGGGCACACAGATCACCACGGCC
ACTGCACTGGCCATCATCTACAACCTCTGGTTCGGCTATGACGTGAAGCGGGCCGTGGAG
GAGCCCCGGCTGCACAACCAGCTTCTGCCCAACGTCACGACAGTGGAGAGAAACATTGAC
CAGGCAGTGACTGCAGCCCTGGAGACCCGGCACCATCACACCCAGATCGCGTCCACCTTC
ATCGCTGTGGTGCAAGCCATCGTCCGCACGGCTGGTGGCTGGGCAGCTGCCTCGGACTCC
AGGAAAGGCGGGGAGCCTGCCGGCTACTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID J04131 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID GGT1 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID GGT1 Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:4250 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 22
Enzyme 3 Locus 22q11.23
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):8840-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sakamuro D, Yamazoe M, Matsuda Y, Kangawa K, Taniguchi N, Matsuo H, Yoshikawa H, Ogasawara N: The primary structure of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Gene. 1988 Dec 15;73(1):1-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Pitot HC, Goodspeed D, Dunn T, Hendrich S, Maronpot RR, Moran S: Regulation of the expression of some genes for enzymes of glutathione metabolism in hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1989 Jan;97(1):23-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Goodspeed DC, Dunn TJ, Miller CD, Pitot HC: Human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase cDNA: comparison of hepatoma and kidney mRNA in the human and rat. Gene. 1989 Mar 15;76(1):1-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Pawlak A, Cohen EH, Octave JN, Schweickhardt R, Wu SJ, Bulle F, Chikhi N, Baik JH, Siegrist S, Guellaen G: An alternatively processed mRNA specific for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human tissues. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 25;265(6):3256-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Courtay C, Oster T, Michelet F, Visvikis A, Diederich M, Wellman M, Siest G: Gamma-glutamyltransferase: nucleotide sequence of the human pancreatic cDNA. Evidence for a ubiquitous gamma-glutamyltransferase polypeptide in human tissues. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Jun 23;43(12):2527-33. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Wetmore LA, Gerard C, Drazen JM: Human lung expresses unique gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 15;90(16):7461-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Tate SS, Khadse V, Wellner D: Renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases: structural and immunological studies. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 May 1;262(2):397-408. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Chikhi N, Holic N, Guellaen G, Laperche Y: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase gene organization and expression: a comparative analysis in rat, mouse, pig and human species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Apr;122(4):367-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Tate SS, Ross ME: Human kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Catalytic properties, subunit structure, and localization of the gamma-glutamyl binding site on the light subunit. J Biol Chem. 1977 Sep 10;252(17):6042-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Tate SS, Galbraith RA: In vitro translation and processing of human hepatoma cell (Hep G2) gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Aug 15;154(3):1167-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N: Significance of Arg-107 and Glu-108 in the catalytic mechanism of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Identification by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 25;268(6):3980-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, Meister A: Human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mutants involving conserved aspartate residues and the unique cysteine residue of the light subunit. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 26;270(21):12471-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Anderson ME, Taniguchi N, Meister A: Involvement of Ser-451 and Ser-452 in the catalysis of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 22;270(38):22223-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N: Effects of substitutions of the conserved histidine residues in human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1996 Jun;119(6):1166-70. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 6224
Enzyme 4 Name Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. Sulfinoalanine decarboxylase
  2. Cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase
Enzyme 4 Gene Name CSAD
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase 
MADSEALPSLAGDPVAVEALLRAVFGVVVDEAIQKGTSVSQKVCEWKEPEELKQLLDLEL
RSQGESQKQILERCRAVIRYSVKTGHPRFFNQLFSGLDPHALAGRIITESLNTSQYTYEI
APVFVLMEEEVLRKLRALVGWSSGDGIFCPGGSISNMYAVNLARYQRYPDCKQRGLRTLP
PLALFTSKECHYSIQKGAAFLGLGTDSVRVVKADERGKMVPEDLERQIGMAEAEGAVPFL
VSATSGTTVLGAFDPLEAIADVCQRHGLWLHVDAAWGGSVLLSQTHRHLLDGIQRADSVA
WNPHKLLAAGLQCSALLLQDTSNLLKRCHGSQASYLFQQDKFYDVALDTGDKVVQCGRRV
DCLKLWLMWKAQGDQGLERRIDQAFVLARYLVEEMKKREGFELVMEPEFVNVCFWFVPPS
LRGKQESPDYHERLSKVAPVLKERMVKEGSMMIGYQPHGTRGNFFRVVVANSALTCADMD
FLLNELERLGQDL
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 493
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 55024
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 6.44
Enzyme 4 GO Classification
Function
  • carbon-carbon lyase activity
  • carboxy-lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • lyase activity
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 4 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 4 Specific Function 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO(2)
Enzyme 4 Pathways
  • Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism (map00430 Link Image)
Enzyme 4 Reactions
  • 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 4894558 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9Y600 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CSAD_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >1041 bp 
ATGGCTGACTCAGAAGCACTCCCCTCCCTTGCTGGGGACCCAGTGGCTGTGGAAGCCTTG
CTCCGGGCCGTGTTTGGGGTTGTTGTGGATGAGGCCATTCAGAAAGGAACCAGTGTCTCC
CAGAAGTGTCACTACTCCATCCAGAAGGGAGCTGCGTTTCTGGGACTTGGCACCGACAGT
GTCCGAGTGGTCAAGGCTGATGAGAGAGGGAAAATGGTCCCCGAGGATCTGGAGAGGCAG
ATTGGTATGGCCGAGGCTGAGGGTGCTGTGCCGTTCCTGGTCAGTGCCACCTCTGGCACC
ACTGTGCTAGGGGCCTTTGACCCCCTGGAGGCAATTGCTGATGTGTGCCAGCGTCATGGG
CTATGGCTGCATGTGGATGCTGCCTGGGGTGGGAGCGTCCTGCTGTCACAGACACACAGG
CATCTCCTGGATGGGATCCAGAGGGCTGACTCTGTGGCCTGGAATCCCCACAAGCTCCTC
GCAGCAGGCCTGCAATGCTCTGCACTTCTTCTCCAGGATACCTCGAACCTGCTCAAGCGC
TGCCATGGGTCCCAGGCCAGCTACCTTTTCCAGCAGGACAAGTTCTACGATGTGGCTCTG
GACACGGGAGACAAGGTGGTGCAGTGTGGCCGCCGTGTGGACTGTCTGAAGCTGTGGCTC
ATGTGGAAGGCACAGGGCGATCAAGGGCTGGAGCGGCGCATCGACCAGGCCTTTGTCCTT
GCCCGGTACCTGGTGGAGGAAATGAAGAAGCGGGAAGGGTTTGAGCTAGTCATGGAGCCT
GAGTTTGTCAATGTGTGTTTCTGGTTCGTACCCCCCAGCCTGCGAGGGAAGCAGGAGAGT
CCAGATTACCACGAAGGGCTGTCAAAGGTGGCCCCCGTGCTCAAGGAGCGCATGGTGAAG
GAGGGCTCCATGATGATTGGCTACCAGCCCCACGGGACCCGGGGCAACTTCTTCCGTGTG
GTTGTGGCCAACTCTGCACTGACCTGTGCTGATATGGACTTCCTCCTCAACGAGCTGGAG
CGGCTAGGCCAGGACCTGTGA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID AF116546 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID CSAD Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID CSAD Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:18966 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location 12
Enzyme 4 Locus 12q13.11-q14.3
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References Not Available
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 7966
Enzyme 5 Name Hypothetical protein GAD1
Enzyme 5 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Name GAD1
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Hypothetical protein GAD1 
MASSTPSSSATSSNAGADPNTTNLRPTTYDTWCGVAHGCTRKLGLKICGFLQRTNSLEEK
SRLVSAFKERQSSKNLLSCENSDRDARFRRTETDFSNLFARDLLPAKNGEEQTVQFLLEV
VDILLNYVRKTFDRSTKVLDFHHPHQLLEGMEGFNLELSDHPESLEQILVDCRDTLKYGV
RTGHPRFFNQLSTGLDIIGLAGEWLTSTANTNMFTYEIAPVFVLMEQITLKKMREIVGWS
SKDGDGIFSPGGAISNMYSIMAARYKYFPEVKTKGMAAVPKLVLFTSEQSHYSIKKAGAA
LGFGTDNVILIKCNERGKIIPADFEAKILEAKQKGYVPFYVNATAGTTVYGAFDPIQEIA
DICEKYNLWLHVDAAWGGGLLMSRKHRHKLNGIERANSVTWNPHKMMGVLLQCSAILVKE
KGILQGCNQMCAGYLFQPDKQYDVSYDTGDKAIQCGRHVDIFKFWLMWKAKGTVGFENQI
NKCLELAEYLYAKIKNREEFEMVFNGEPEHTNVCFWYIPQSLRGVPDSPQRREKLHKVAP
KIKALMMESGTTMVGYQPQGDKANFFRMVISNPAATQSDIDFLIEEIERLGQDL
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 594
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 66897
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 7.67
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
  • carbon-carbon lyase activity
  • carboxy-lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • lyase activity
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 5 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 5 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 5 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 5 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 62988850 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q53TQ7 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q53TQ7_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >1785 bp 
ATGGCGTCTTCGACCCCATCTTCGTCCGCAACCTCCTCGAACGCGGGAGCGGACCCCAAT
ACCACTAACCTGCGCCCCACAACGTACGATACCTGGTGCGGCGTGGCCCATGGATGCACC
AGAAAACTGGGGCTCAAGATCTGCGGCTTCTTGCAAAGGACCAACAGCCTGGAAGAGAAG
AGTCGCCTTGTGAGTGCCTTCAAGGAGAGGCAATCCTCCAAGAACCTGCTTTCCTGTGAA
AACAGCGACCGGGATGCCCGCTTCCGGCGCACAGAGACTGACTTCTCTAATCTGTTTGCT
AGAGATCTGCTTCCGGCTAAGAACGGTGAGGAGCAAACCGTGCAATTCCTCCTGGAAGTG
GTGGACATACTCCTCAACTATGTCCGCAAGACATTTGATCGCTCCACCAAGGTGCTGGAC
TTTCATCACCCACACCAGTTGCTGGAAGGCATGGAGGGCTTCAACTTGGAGCTCTCTGAC
CACCCCGAGTCCCTGGAGCAGATCCTGGTTGACTGCAGAGACACCTTGAAGTATGGGGTT
CGCACAGGTCATCCTCGATTTTTCAACCAGCTCTCCACTGGATTGGATATTATTGGCCTA
GCTGGAGAATGGCTGACATCAACGGCCAATACCAACATGTTTACATATGAAATTGCACCA
GTGTTTGTCCTCATGGAACAAATAACACTTAAGAAGATGAGAGAGATAGTTGGATGGTCA
AGTAAAGATGGTGATGGGATATTTTCTCCTGGGGGCGCCATATCCAACATGTACAGCATC
ATGGCTGCTCGCTACAAGTACTTCCCGGAAGTTAAGACAAAGGGCATGGCGGCTGTGCCT
AAACTGGTCCTCTTCACCTCAGAACAGAGTCACTATTCCATAAAGAAAGCTGGGGCTGCA
CTTGGCTTTGGAACTGACAATGTGATTTTGATAAAGTGCAATGAAAGGGGGAAAATAATT
CCAGCTGATTTTGAGGCAAAAATTCTTGAAGCCAAACAGAAGGGATATGTTCCCTTTTAT
GTCAATGCAACTGCTGGCACGACTGTTTATGGAGCTTTTGATCCGATACAAGAGATTGCA
GATATATGTGAGAAATATAACCTTTGGTTGCATGTCGATGCTGCCTGGGGAGGTGGGCTG
CTCATGTCCAGGAAGCACCGCCATAAACTCAACGGCATAGAAAGGGCCAACTCAGTCACC
TGGAACCCTCACAAGATGATGGGCGTGCTGTTGCAGTGCTCTGCCATTCTCGTCAAGGAA
AAGGGTATACTCCAAGGATGCAACCAGATGTGTGCAGGATACCTCTTCCAGCCAGACAAG
CAGTATGATGTCTCCTACGACACCGGGGACAAGGCAATTCAGTGTGGCCGCCACGTGGAT
ATCTTCAAGTTCTGGCTGATGTGGAAAGCAAAGGGCACAGTGGGATTTGAAAACCAGATC
AACAAATGCCTGGAACTGGCTGAATACCTCTATGCCAAGATTAAAAACAGAGAAGAATTT
GAGATGGTTTTCAATGGCGAGCCTGAGCACACAAACGTCTGTTTTTGGTATATTCCACAA
AGCCTCAGGGGTGTGCCAGACAGCCCTCAACGACGGGAAAAGCTACACAAGGTGGCTCCA
AAAATCAAAGCCCTGATGATGGAGTCAGGTACGACCATGGTTGGCTACCAGCCCCAAGGG
GACAAGGCCAACTTCTTCCGGATGGTCATCTCCAACCCAGCCGCTACCCAGTCTGACATT
GACTTCCTCATTGAGGAGATAGAAAGACTGGGCCAGGATCTGTAA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID AC007405 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID GAD1 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID GAD1 Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:4092 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 5 Locus 2q31
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References Not Available
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 8394
Enzyme 6 Name Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
Enzyme 6 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Name SLC6A6
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter 
MATKEKLQCLKDFHKDILKPSPGKSPGTRPEDEAEGKPPQREKWSSKIDFVLSVAGGFVG
LGNVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYFIFLFGSGLPVFFLEIIIGQYTSEGGITCWEKICPLF
SGIGYASVVIVSLLNVYYIVILAWATYYLFQSFQKELPWAHCNHSWNTPHCMEDTMRKNK
SVWITISSTNFTSPVIEFWERNVLSLSPGIDHPGSLKWDLALCLLLVWLVCFFCIWKGVR
STGKVVYFTATFPFAMLLVLLVRGLTLPGAGAGIKFYLYPDITRLEDPQVWIDAGTQIFF
SYAICLGAMTSLGSYNKYKYNSYRDCMLLGCLNSGTSFVSGFAIFSILGFMAQEQGVDIA
DVAESGPGLAFIAYPKAVTMMPLPTFWSILFFIMLLLLGLDSQFVEVEGQITSLVDLYPS
FLRKGYRREIFIAFVCSISYLLGLTMVTEGGMYVFQLFDYYAASGVCLLWVAFFECFVIA
WIYGGDNLYDGIEDMIGYRPGPWMKYSWAVITPVLCVGCFIFSLVKYVPLTYNKTYVYPN
WAIGLGWSLALSSMLCVPLVIVIRLCQTEGPFLVRVKYLLTPREPNRWAVEREGATPYNS
RTVMNGALVKPTHIIVETMM
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 620
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 69831
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 7.43
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • taurine:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 6 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Required for the uptake of taurine
Enzyme 6 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 6 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • 50-70 78-97 122-142 218-236 245-262 298-315 327-348 381-400 430-448 465-485 506-525 545-563
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein 36727 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P31641 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SC6A6_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence >1860 bp 
ATGGCCACCAAGGAGAAGCTGCAGTGTCTGAAAGATTTCCACAAGGACATGGTGAAGCCC
TCACCAGGGAAGAGCCCAGGCACGCGGCCTGAGGACGAGGCTGAGGGAAAACCTCCGCAG
AGGGAGAAGTGGTCTAGCAAGATCGACTTTGTGCTCTCTGTGGCTGGCGGCTTCGTGGGC
TTGGGCAACGTCTGGCGCTTCCCGTACCTCTGCTACAAGAATGGTGGAGGTGCGTTTCTC
ATACCGTATTTTATTTTCCTGTTTGGGAGCGGCCTGCCTGTGTTTTTCTTGGAGATCATC
ATAGGCCAGTACACCTCTGAAGGGGGCATCACCTGCTGGGAAAAGATCTGCCCCTTGTTC
TCTGGTATCGGCTATGCCTCCGTTGTAATTGTGTCCCTCCTGAATGTCTACTACATCGTC
ATCCTGGCCTGGGCCACATACTACCTGTTCCAGTCCTTCCAGAAGGAGCTGCCCTGGGCA
CACTGCAACCACAGCTGGAACACACCTCACTGCATGGAGGACACCATGCGCAAGAACAAG
AGTGTCTGGATCACCATCAGCTCCACCAACTTCACCTCCCCTGTCATCGAGTTCTGGGAG
CGCAACGTGCTGAGCTTGTCCCCTGGAATCGACCACCCAGGCTCTCTGAAATGGGACCTC
GCTCTCTGCCTTCTTTTAGTCTGGCTAGTGTGTTTCTTCTGCATCTGCAAGGGCGTCAGG
TCCACTGGGAAGGTCGTCTACTTCACAGCCACTTTTCCATTCGCCATGCTCCTGGTGCTG
CTGGTCCGAGGGCTGACGCTGCCGGGCGCGGGCCGAGGCATCAAGTTCTATCTGTATCCT
GACATCACCCGCCTTGAGGACCCACAGGTGTGGATTGACGCTGGGACTCAGATATTCTTC
TCTTATGCCATCTGCCTGGGGGCTATGACCTCGCTGGGGAGCTACAACAAGTACAAGTAT
AACTCGTACAGGGACTGTATGCTGCTGGGATGCCTGAACAGTGGTACCAGTTTTGTGTCT
GGCTTCGCAATTTTTTCCATCCTGGGCTTCATGGCACAAGAGCAAGGGGTGGACATTGCT
GATGTGGCTGAGTCAGGTCCTGGCCTGGCCTTCATTGCCTACCCAAAAGCTGTGACAATG
ATGCCGCTGCCCACATTTTGGTCCATTCTTTTTTTTATTATGCTTCTCTTGCTTGGACTG
GATAGCCAGTTTGTTGAAGTTGAAGGACAGATCACATCCTTGGTTGATCTTTACCCATCC
TTCCTAAGGAAGGGTTATCGTCGGGAAATCTTCATCGCCTTCGTGTGTAGCATCAGCTAC
CTGCTGGGGCTGACGATGGTGACGGAGGGTGGCATGTATGTGTTTCAGCTCTTTGACTAC
TATGCAGCTAGCGGTGTATGCCTTTTGTGGGTTGCATTCTTTGAATGTTTTGTTATTGCC
TGGATATATGGAGGTGATAACCTTTATGATGGTATTGAGGACATGATTGGCTATCGGCCC
GGGCCCTGGATGAAGTACAGCTGGGTGATCACTCCAGTTCTCTGTGTTGGATGTTTCATC
TTCTCGCTCGTCAAGTACGTACCCCTGACCTACAACAAAACATACGTGTCCCCAACTTGG
GCCATTGGGCTGGGCTGGAGCCTGGCCCTTTCCTCCATGCTCTGCGTTCCCTTGGTCATC
GTCATCCGCCTCTGCCAGACTGAGGGGCCGTTCCTTGTGAGAGTCAAGTACCTGCTGACC
CCAAGGGAACCCAACCGCTGGGCTGTGGAGCGCGAGGGAGCCACACCTTACAACTCTCGC
ACCGTCATGAACGGCGCTCTCGTGAAACCGACCCACATCATTGTGGAGACCATGATGTGA
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID Z18956 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID SLC6A6 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID SLC6A6 Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:11052 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location 3
Enzyme 6 Locus 3p25-p24
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References
  1. Jhiang SM, Fithian L, Smanik P, McGill J, Tong Q, Mazzaferri EL: Cloning of the human taurine transporter and characterization of taurine uptake in thyroid cells. FEBS Lett. 1993 Mar 1;318(2):139-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ramamoorthy S, Leibach FH, Mahesh VB, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Blakely RD, Ganapathy V: Functional characterization and chromosomal localization of a cloned taurine transporter from human placenta. Biochem J. 1994 Jun 15;300 ( Pt 3):893-900. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Miyamoto Y, Liou GI, Sprinkle TJ: Isolation of a cDNA encoding a taurine transporter in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res. 1996 Mar;15(3):345-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 12987
Enzyme 7 Name Gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 homolog
Enzyme 7 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Name GGT6
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >Gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 homolog 
MERAEEPVVYQKLLPWEPSLESEEEVEEEETSEALVLNPRRHQDSSRNKAGGLPGTWVRV
VAALLLLAVGCSLAVRQLQNQGRSTGSLGSVAPPPGGHSHGPGVYHHGAIISPAGRELLV
AGGNVVDAGVGAALCLAVVHPHATGLGAMFWGLFHDSSSGNSTALTSGPAQTLAPGLGLP
AALPTLHLLHARFGRLPWPRLLVGPTTLAQEGFLVDTPLARALVARGTEGLCPLLCHADG
TPLGAGARATNPQLAAVLRSAALAPTSDLAGDALLSLLAGDLGVEVPSAVPRPTLEPAEQ
LPVPQGILFTTPSPSAGPELLALLEAALRSGAPIPDPCPPFLQTAVSPESSALAAVDSSG
SVLLLTSSLNCSFGSAHLSPSTGVLLSNLVAKSTTSAWACPLILRGSLDDTEADVLGLVA
SGTPDVARAMTHTLLRHLAARPPTQAQHQHQGQQEPTEHPSTCGQGTLLQVAAHTEHAHV
SSVPHACCPFQGF
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 493
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 50538
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 6.04
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 7 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 7 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 7 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein 38970000 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q6P531 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q6P531_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID BC063111 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID Q6P531 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID GGT6 Link Image
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID HGNC:26891 Link Image
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References
  1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 13927
Enzyme 8 Name Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor
Enzyme 8 Synonyms
  1. Glycine receptor 48 kDa subunit
  2. Glycine receptor strychnine-binding subunit
Enzyme 8 Gene Name GLRA1
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor 
MYSFNTLRLYLWETIVFFSLAASKEAEAARSAPKPMSPSDFLDKLMGRTSGYDARIRPNF
KGPPVNVSCNIFINSFGSIAETTMDYRVNIFLRQQWNDPRLAYNEYPDDSLDLDPSMLDS
IWKPDLFFANEKGAHFHEITTDNKLLRISRNGNVLYSIRITLTLACPMDLKNFPMDVQTC
IMQLESFGYTMNDLIFEWQEQGAVQVADGLTLPQFILKEEKDLRYCTKHYNTGKFTCIEA
RFHLERQMGYYLIQMYIPSLLIVILSWISFWINMDAAPARVGLGITTVLTMTTQSSGSRA
SLPKVSYVKAIDIWMAVCLLFVFSALLEYAAVNFVSRQHKELLRFRRKRRHHKSPMLNLF
QEDEAGEGRFNFSAYGMGPACLQAKDGISVKGANNSNTTNPPPAPSKSPEEMRKLFIQRA
KKIDKISRIGFPMAFLIFNMFYWIIYKIVRREDVHNQ
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 457
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 52625
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 9.04
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • GABA receptor activity
  • GABA-A receptor activity
  • anion channel activity
  • chloride channel activity
  • extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
  • glycine-gated chloride channel activity
  • ion channel activity
  • ion transporter activity
  • ligand-gated ion channel activity
  • neurotransmitter receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • anion transport
  • cellular physiological process
  • chloride transport
  • inorganic anion transport
  • ion transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
  • postsynaptic membrane
Enzyme 8 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 8 Specific Function The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing)
Enzyme 8 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 8 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • 1-28
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions
  • 248-274 281-298 313-336 429-446
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein 31851 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P23415 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GLRA1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence >1350 bp 
ATGTACAGCTTCAATACTCTTCGACTCTACCTTTCGGGAGCCATTGTATTCTTCAGCCTT
GCTGCTTCTAAGGAGGCTGAAGCTGCTCGCTCCGCAACCAAGCCTATGTCACCCTCGGAT
TTCCTGGATAAGCTAATGGGGAGAACCTCCGGATATGATGCCAGGATCAGGCCCAATTTT
AAAGGTCCCCCAGTGAACGTGAGCTGCAACATTTTCATCAACAGCTTTGGTTCCATTGCT
GAGACAACCATGGACTATAGGGTCAACATCTTCCTGCGGCAGCAATGGAACGACCCCCGC
CTGGCCTATAATGAATACCCTGACGACTCTCTGGACCTGGACCCATCCATGCTGGACTCC
ATCTGGAAACCTGACCTGTTCTTTGCCAACGAGAAGGGGGCCCACTTCCATGAGATCACC
ACAGACAACAAATTGCTAAGGATCTCCCGGAATGGGAATGTCCTCTACAGCATCAGAATC
ACCCTGACACTGGCCTGCCCCATGGACTTGAAGAATTTCCCCATGGATGTCCAGACATGT
ATCATGCAACTGGAAAGCTTTGGATATACGATGAATGACCTCATCTTTGAGTGGCAGGAA
CAGGGAGCCGTGCAGGTAGCAGATGGACTAACTCTGCCCCAGTTTATCTTGAAGGAAGAG
AAGGACTTGAGATACTGCACCAAGCACTACAACACAGGTAAATTCACCTGCATTGAGGCC
CGGTTCCACCTGGAGCGGCAGATGGGTTACTACCTGATTCAGATGTATATTCCCAGCCTG
CTCATTGTCATCCTCTCATGGATCTCCTTCTGGATCAACATGGATGCTGCACCTGCTCGT
GTGGGCCTAGGCATCACCACTGTGCTCACCATGACCACCCAGAGCTCCGGCTCTCGAGCA
TCTCTGCCCAAGGTGTCCTATGTGAAAGCCATTGACATTTGGATGGCAGTTTGCCTGCTC
TTTGTGTTCTCAGCCCTATTAGAATATGCTGCCGTTAACTTTGTGTCTCGGCAACATAAG
GAGCTGCTCCGATTCAGGAGGAAGCGGAGACATCACAAGGAGGATGAAGCTGGAGAAGGC
CGCTTTAACTTCTCTGCCTATGGGATGGGCCCAGCCTGTCTACAGGCCAAGGATGGCATC
TCAGTCAAGGGCGCCAACAACAGTAACACCACCAACCCCCCTCCTGCACCATCTAAGTCC
CCAGAGGAGATGCGAAAACTCTTCATCCAGAGGGCCAAGAAGATCGACAAAATATCCCGC
ATTGGCTTCCCCATGGCCTTCCTCATTTTCAACATGTTCTACTGGATCATCTACAAGATT
GTCCGTAGAGAGGACGTCCACAACCAGTGA
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID X52009 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID P23415 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID GLRA1 Link Image
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID HGNC:4326 Link Image
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References
  1. Grenningloh G, Schmieden V, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Siddique T, Mohandas TK, Becker CM, Betz H: Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localization of the corresponding genes. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):771-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Shiang R, Ryan SG, Zhu YZ, Hahn AF, O'Connell P, Wasmuth JJ: Mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder, hyperekplexia. Nat Genet. 1993 Dec;5(4):351-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Langosch D, Laube B, Rundstrom N, Schmieden V, Bormann J, Betz H: Decreased agonist affinity and chloride conductance of mutant glycine receptors associated with human hereditary hyperekplexia. EMBO J. 1994 Sep 15;13(18):4223-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schorderet DF, Pescia G, Bernasconi A, Regli F: An additional family with Startle disease and a G1192A mutation at the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1201. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Rees MI, Andrew M, Jawad S, Owen MJ: Evidence for recessive as well as dominant forms of startle disease (hyperekplexia) caused by mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Dec;3(12):2175-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Shiang R, Ryan SG, Zhu YZ, Fielder TJ, Allen RJ, Fryer A, Yamashita S, O'Connell P, Wasmuth JJ: Mutational analysis of familial and sporadic hyperekplexia. Ann Neurol. 1995 Jul;38(1):85-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Milani N, Dalpra L, del Prete A, Zanini R, Larizza L: A novel mutation (Gln266-->His) in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine-receptor gene (GLRA1) in hereditary hyperekplexia. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Feb;58(2):420-2. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Elmslie FV, Hutchings SM, Spencer V, Curtis A, Covanis T, Gardiner RM, Rees M: Analysis of GLRA1 in hereditary and sporadic hyperekplexia: a novel mutation in a family cosegregating for hyperekplexia and spastic paraparesis. J Med Genet. 1996 May;33(5):435-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Seri M, Bolino A, Galietta LJ, Lerone M, Silengo M, Romeo G: Startle disease in an Italian family by mutation (K276E): The alpha-subunit of the inhibiting glycine receptor. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):185-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Vergouwe MN, Tijssen MA, Peters AC, Wielaard R, Frants RR: Hyperekplexia phenotype due to compound heterozygosity for GLRA1 gene mutations. Ann Neurol. 1999 Oct;46(4):634-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Saul B, Kuner T, Sobetzko D, Brune W, Hanefeld F, Meinck HM, Becker CM: Novel GLRA1 missense mutation (P250T) in dominant hyperekplexia defines an intracellular determinant of glycine receptor channel gating. J Neurosci. 1999 Feb 1;19(3):869-77. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 9 [top]
Enzyme 9 ID 15189
Enzyme 9 Name GGTL3 protein (Fragment)
Enzyme 9 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 9 Gene Name GGTL3
Enzyme 9 Protein Sequence >GGTL3 protein (Fragment) 
MAAENEASQESALGAYSPVDYMSITSFPRLPEDEPAPAAPLRGRKDEDAFLGDPDTDPDS
FLKSARLQRLPSSSSEMGSQDGSPLRETRKDPFSAAAAECSCRQDGLTVIVTACLTFATG
VTVALVMQIYFGDPQIFQQGAVVTDAARCTSLGIEVLSKQGSSVDAAVAAALCLGIVAPH
SSGLGGGGVMLVHDIRRNESHLIDFRESAPGALREETLQRSWETKPGLLVGVPGMVKGLH
EAHQLYGRLPWSQVLAFAAAVAQDGFNVTHDLARALAEQLPPNMSERFRETFLPSGRPPL
PGSLLHRPDLAEVLDVLGTSGPAAFYAGGNLTLEMVAEAQHAGGVITEEDFSNYSALVEK
PVCGVYRGHLVLSPPPPHTGPALISALNILEGFNLTSLVSREQALHWVAETLKIALALAS
RLGDPVYDSTITESMDDMLSKVEAAYLRGHINDSQAAPAPLLPVYELDGAPTAAQVLIMG
PDDFIVAMVSSLNQPFGSGLITPSGILLNSQMLDFSWPNRTANHSAPSLENSVQPGKRPL
SFLLPTVVRPAEGLCGTYLALGANGAARGLSGLTQVLLNVLTLNRNLSDSLA
Enzyme 9 Number of Residues 592
Enzyme 9 Molecular Weight 62567
Enzyme 9 Theoretical pI 4.64
Enzyme 9 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 9 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 9 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 9 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 9 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 9 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 9 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 9 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 9 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenBank ID Protein 118600847 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID A0PJJ9 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name A0PJJ9_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 9 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 9 Gene Sequence >1777 bp 
ATGGCGGCGGAGAACGAGGCCAGCCAGGAGAGCGCCCTGGGCGCCTACTCGCCAGTGGAC
TACATGAGCATCACCAGCTTCCCGCGGCTGCCCGAGGACGAGCCGGCGCCCGCGGCCCCG
CTGAGGGGCCGCAAGGACGAGGACGCCTTTCTGGGAGACCCCGACACCGACCCGGACTCC
TTCCTGAAGTCTGCACGGCTGCAGCGGCTGCCATCGTCGTCGTCGGAGATGGGCAGCCAA
GACGGGTCGCCGCTACGCGAGACGCGCAAAGACCCGTTCTCCGCCGCAGCGGCCGAGTGC
TCCTGCCGCCAGGATGGGCTCACGGTCATCGTCACGGCCTGTCTCACCTTCGCTACCGGT
GTCACCGTGGCGCTGGTCATGCAGATCTACTTCGGGGACCCCCAGATCTTCCAGCAGGGT
GCCGTGGTGACCGATGCTGCCCGCTGCACTTCACTGGGCATCGAGGTGCTCAGTAAACAG
GGATCTTCTGTGGACGCAGCGGTGGCAGCAGCCTTGTGTTTGGGTATCGTGGCTCCACAC
AGTTCTGGCCTGGGCGGTGGGGGCGTGATGCTGGTACATGACATCCGACGAAATGAGAGC
CACCTAATTGATTTCCGGGAGTCCGCACCAGGGGCCCTCAGGGAAGAGACCCTGCAAAGA
TCCTGGGAGACCAAGCCTGGGCTCTTGGTGGGGGTTCCCGGAATGGTGAAAGGGCTACAT
GAAGCTCACCAGCTCTATGGCAGGCTGCCATGGTCCCAAGTCCTGGCCTTTGCAGCAGCT
GTGGCCCAAGATGGCTTCAACGTGACTCATGATCTAGCCCGTGCCCTGGCTGAACAGCTG
CCACCCAACATGTCCGAGCGCTTCCGGGAGACGTTCCTGCCATCGGGCCGCCCGCCACTA
CCTGGCTCGTTGCTGCATCGGCCCGACCTGGCTGAGGTGCTGGATGTACTTGGCACCTCC
GGCCCGGCTGCCTTCTACGCAGGTGGCAACCTCACACTGGAGATGGTGGCCGAGGCTCAG
CACGCAGGGGGTGTCATAACCGAAGAGGACTTCAGCAATTACAGCGCCCTTGTGGAGAAG
CCTGTGTGTGGCGTGTACAGAGGCCACCTGGTTCTTAGTCCCCCACCTCCGCACACGGGC
CCTGCCCTCATCAGTGCTCTCAACATCCTGGAGGGCTTCAATCTCACCAGCCTGGTATCC
CGAGAACAGGCTCTTCACTGGGTGGCAGAGACCCTGAAGATTGCATTAGCCCTGGCCAGC
AGACTGGGAGATCCCGTCTATGATTCTACCATCACTGAGAGCATGGATGACATGCTCAGC
AAGGTGGAGGCCGCCTACCTCCGGGGCCATATCAATGACTCCCAGGCAGCCCCTGCCCCA
CTCCTGCCTGTCTATGAACTAGACGGAGCTCCCACGGCTGCCCAGGTGCTGATCATGGGA
CCTGATGACTTCATTGTGGCCATGGTTAGCTCCCTGAACCAGCCCTTTGGCAGCGGCCTT
ATCACCCCCTCGGGGATCCTGCTCAACAGCCAGATGCTGGACTTCTCCTGGCCCAACCGG
ACAGCTAACCACTCTGCACCCAGCCTGGAGAATTCAGTGCAGCCAGGGAAGCGGCCACTC
TCTTTCCTGCTGCCCACAGTGGTCCGACCCGCGGAGGGGCTCTGTGGAACCTACCTCGCT
CTGGGGGCCAATGGAGCTGCGCGGGGCCTCAGCGGCCTGACACAGGTTCTGCTGAATGTC
CTGACCTTGAACCGGAACCTGAGTGACAGCCTGGCCC
Enzyme 9 GenBank Gene ID BC033745 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GeneCard ID A0PJJ9 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 Chromosome Location 20
Enzyme 9 Locus 20q11.22
Enzyme 9 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 9 General References
  1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 9 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 10 [top]
Enzyme 10 ID 15190
Enzyme 10 Name Gamma-glutamyltransferase-like activity 1
Enzyme 10 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 10 Gene Name GGTLA1
Enzyme 10 Protein Sequence >Gamma-glutamyltransferase-like activity 1 
MARGYGATVSLVLLGLGLALAVIVLAVVLSRHQAPCGPQAFAHAAVAADSKVCSDIGRAI
LQQQGSPVDATIAALVCTSVVNPQSMGLGGGVIFTIYNVTTGKVEVINARETVPASHAPS
LLDQCAQALPLGTGAQWIGVPGELRGYAEAHRRHGRLPWAQLFQPTIALLRGGHVVAPVL
SRFLHNSILRPSLQASTLRQLFFNGTEPLRPQDPLPWPALATTLETVATEGVEVFYTGRL
GQMLVEDIAKEGSQLTLQDLAKFQPEVVDALEVPLGDYTLYSPPPPAGGAILSFILNVLR
GFNFSTESMARPEGRVNVYHHLVETLKFAKGQRWRLGDPRSHPKLQNASRDLLGETLAQL
IRQQIDGRGDHQLSHYSLAEAWGHGTGTSHVSVLGEDGSAVAATSTINTPFGAMVYSPRT
GIILNNELLDLCERCPRGSGTTPSPAVSGDRVGGAPGRCWPPVPGERSPSSMVPSILINK
AQGSKLVIGGAGGELIISAVAQAIMSKLWLGFDLRAAIAAPILHVNSKGCVEYEPNFSQE
VQRGLQDRGQNQTQRPFFLNVVQAVSQEGACVYAVSDLRKSGEAAGY
Enzyme 10 Number of Residues 587
Enzyme 10 Molecular Weight 62333
Enzyme 10 Theoretical pI 7.59
Enzyme 10 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 10 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 10 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 10 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 10 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 10 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 10 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 10 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 10 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 10 GenBank ID Protein 49256405 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q6GMP0 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q6GMP0_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 10 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 10 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 10 Gene Sequence >1764 bp 
ATGGCCCGGGGCTACGGGGCCACGGTCAGCCTAGTCCTGCTGGGTCTGGGGCTGGCGCTG
GCTGTCATTGTGCTGGCTGTGGTCCTCTCTCGACACCAGGCCCCATGTGGCCCCCAGGCC
TTTGCCCACGCTGCTGTTGCCGCCGACTCCAAGGTCTGCTCGGATATTGGACGAGCCATC
CTCCAGCAGCAGGGCTCACCCGTGGATGCCACCATCGCGGCTCTGGTCTGCACCAGCGTC
GTCAACCCTCAGAGCATGGGCCTGGGCGGAGGGGTCATCTTCACCATCTACAATGTGACA
ACAGGGAAGGTGGAGGTCATCAATGCCCGGGAGACGGTGCCGGCCAGCCACGCCCCGAGC
CTGCTGGACCAGTGTGCACAGGCTCTGCCACTGGGCACAGGGGCCCAGTGGATCGGGGTG
CCCGGGGAGCTCCGTGGCTATGCCGAGGCCCACCGCCGCCATGGCCGCCTGCCCTGGGCG
CAGCTGTTCCAGCCCACCATCGCGCTGCTCCGAGGGGGGCATGTGGTGGCCCCTGTCCTC
AGCCGTTTCCTGCACAACAGCATCCTGCGGCCTTCCTTGCAGGCGTCAACCCTGCGCCAG
CTCTTCTTCAACGGGACAGAACCCCTGAGGCCTCAGGACCCACTCCCATGGCCTGCACTG
GCCACCACCCTGGAGACCGTGGCCACAGAGGGCGTGGAGGTCTTCTACACGGGGAGGCTG
GGCCAGATGCTGGTGGAGGACATTGCCAAGGAAGGGAGCCAGCTGACGCTGCAGGACCTG
GCCAAGTTCCAGCCCGAGGTGGTGGATGCCCTGGAGGTGCCCCTGGGGGACTATACCCTG
TACTCACCACCGCCGCCTGCAGGGGGTGCCATTCTCAGCTTTATCCTCAACGTGCTAAGA
GGGTTCAACTTCTCAACAGAGTCTATGGCCAGGCCTGAAGGGAGGGTGAACGTGTACCAC
CACCTTGTAGAGACGCTCAAGTTTGCCAAGGGGCAGAGGTGGAGGCTGGGGGACCCTCGA
AGCCACCCGAAGCTCCAGAATGCCTCCCGGGACCTGCTGGGGGAGACCCTGGCCCAGCTC
ATCCGCCAACAGATCGATGGCCGGGGGGACCACCAGCTCAGCCACTACAGCTTGGCCGAG
GCCTGGGGCCACGGGACAGGCACGTCCCATGTGTCTGTGCTGGGGGAGGATGGCAGCGCC
GTGGCTGCCACCAGCACCATCAACACACCCTTTGGAGCGATGGTGTATTCACCACGGACA
GGCATCATCCTCAACAACGAGCTCCTGGACTTATGCGAGCGATGCCCCCGGGGTTCCGGC
ACCACCCCCTCACCTGCAGTGAGTGGAGACAGGGTGGGTGGAGCTCCCGGAAGGTGCTGG
CCCCCAGTTCCAGGCGAGCGTTCCCCATCCTCCATGGTGCCCTCCATCTTGATCAACAAA
GCCCAGGGGTCGAAGCTAGTGATTGGCGGGGCTGGCGGGGAGCTCATCATCTCTGCTGTG
GCCCAGGCCATCATGAGCAAGCTGTGGCTTGGCTTTGACCTGAGAGCGGCCATTGCAGCC
CCCATCCTGCATGTCAACAGCAAGGGCTGTGTGGAGTACGAGCCCAACTTCAGCCAGGAG
GTGCAGAGGGGACTCCAAGACCGTGGCCAGAACCAGACCCAGAGGCCCTTCTTCCTGAAC
GTGGTCCAGGCTGTGTCCCAGGAGGGGGCCTGTGTGTACGCCGTCTCGGACCTGAGGAAG
AGTGGGGAGGCCGCAGGCTACTAA
Enzyme 10 GenBank Gene ID BC073999 Link Image
Enzyme 10 GeneCard ID Q6GMP0 Link Image
Enzyme 10 GenAtlas ID GGT5 Link Image
Enzyme 10 HGNC ID HGNC:4260 Link Image
Enzyme 10 Chromosome Location 22
Enzyme 10 Locus 22q11.23
Enzyme 10 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 10 General References
  1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 10 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 11 [top]
Enzyme 11 ID 17008
Enzyme 11 Name Transporter
Enzyme 11 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 11 Gene Name SLC6A6
Enzyme 11 Protein Sequence >Transporter 
MATKEKLQCLKDFHKDILKPSPGKSPGTRPEDEAEGKPPQREKWSSKIDFVLSVAGGFVG
LGNVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYFIFLFGSGLPVFFLEIIIGQYTSEGGITCWEKICPLF
SGIGYASVVIVSLLNVYYIVILAWATYYLFQSFQKELPWAHCNHSWNTPHCMEDTMRKNK
SVWITISSTNFTSPVIEFWE
Enzyme 11 Number of Residues 200
Enzyme 11 Molecular Weight 22744
Enzyme 11 Theoretical pI 7.80
Enzyme 11 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • taurine:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 11 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 11 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 11 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 11 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 11 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 11 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 11 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 11 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 11 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9BRI2 Link Image
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q9BRI2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 11 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 11 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 11 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 11 GenBank Gene ID BC006252 Link Image
Enzyme 11 GeneCard ID Q9BRI2 Link Image
Enzyme 11 GenAtlas ID SLC6A6 Link Image
Enzyme 11 HGNC ID HGNC:11052 Link Image
Enzyme 11 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 11 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 11 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 11 General References Not Available
Enzyme 11 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 12 [top]
Enzyme 12 ID 17009
Enzyme 12 Name Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6 (Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6, isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 12 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 12 Gene Name SLC6A6
Enzyme 12 Protein Sequence >Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6 (Solute carrier family 6 (Neurotransmitter transporter, taurine), member 6, isoform CRA_a) 
MATKEKLQCLKDFHKDILKPSPGKSPGTRPEDEAEGKPPQREKWSSKIDFVLSVAGGFVG
LGNVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYFIFLFGSGLPVFFLEIIIGQYTSEGGITCWEKICPLF
SGIGYASVVIVSLLNVYYIVILAWATYYLFQSFQKELPWAHCNHSWNTPHCMEDTMRKNK
SVWITISSTNFTSPVIEFWERNVLSLSPGIDHPGSLKWDLALCLLLVWLVCFFCIWKGVR
STGKVVYFTATFPFAMLLVLLVRGLTLPGAGAGIKFYLYPDITRLEDPQVWIDAGTQIFF
SYAICLGAMTSLGSYNKYKYNSYRDCMLLGCLNSGTSFVSGFAIFSILGFMAQEQGVDIA
DVAESGPGLAFIAYPKAVTMMPLPTFWSILFFIMLLLLGLDSQFVEVEGQITSLVDLYPS
FLRKGYRREIFIAFVCSISYLLGLTMVTEGGMYVFQLFDYYAASGVCLLWVAFFECFVIA
WIYGGDNLYDGIEDMIGYRPGPWMKYSWAVITPVLCVGCFIFSLVKYVPLTYNKTYVYPN
WAIGLGWSLALSSMLCVPLVIVIRLCQTEGPFLVRVKYLLTPREPNRWAVEREGATPYNS
RTVMNGALVKPTHIIVETMM
Enzyme 12 Number of Residues 620
Enzyme 12 Molecular Weight 69831
Enzyme 12 Theoretical pI 7.43
Enzyme 12 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • taurine:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 12 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 12 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 12 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 12 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 12 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 12 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 12 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 12 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 12 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B2RNU7 Link Image
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B2RNU7_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 12 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 12 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 12 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 12 GenBank Gene ID BC137128 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GeneCard ID B2RNU7 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 12 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 12 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 12 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 12 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 12 General References Not Available
Enzyme 12 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 13 [top]
Enzyme 13 ID 17010
Enzyme 13 Name cDNA FLJ60211, highly similar to Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
Enzyme 13 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 13 Gene Name Not Available
Enzyme 13 Protein Sequence >cDNA FLJ60211, highly similar to Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter 
MATKEKLQCLKDFHKDILKPSPGKSPGTRPEDEAEGKPPQREKWSSKIDFVLSVAGGFVG
LGNVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYFIFLFGSGLPVFFLEIIIGQYTSEGGITCWEKICPLF
SGIGYASVVIVSLLNVYYIVILAWATYYLFQSFQKELPWAHCNHSWNTPHCMEDTMRKNK
SVWITISSTNFTSPVIEFWGRNVLSLSPVIDHPGSLKWDLALCLLLVWLVCFFCIWKGVR
STGKVVYFTATFPFAMLLVLLVRGLTLPGAGAGIKFYLYPDITRLEDPQVWIDAGTQIFF
SYAICLGAMTSLGSYNKYKYNSYRSWPGLHCLPKSCDNDAAAHILVHSFFYYASLAWTG
Enzyme 13 Number of Residues 359
Enzyme 13 Molecular Weight 40486
Enzyme 13 Theoretical pI 8.39
Enzyme 13 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • taurine:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 13 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 13 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 13 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 13 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 13 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 13 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 13 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 13 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 13 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B4E140 Link Image
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B4E140_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 13 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 13 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 13 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 13 GenBank Gene ID AK303649 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GeneCard ID B4E140 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 13 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 13 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 13 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 13 SNPs Not Available
Enzyme 13 General References Not Available
Enzyme 13 Metabolite References Not Available