Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2012-09-11 22:04:21 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:55:06 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0036890 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Gibberellin A72 |
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Description | Gibberellin A72, also known as GA72, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Gibberellin A72. |
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Structure | [H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O InChI=1S/C19H24O7/c1-8-13(21)18-7-17(8,25)5-3-9(18)19-6-4-10(20)16(2,15(24)26-19)12(19)11(18)14(22)23/h9-13,20-21,25H,1,3-7H2,2H3,(H,22,23)/t9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(1S,2S,4AR,4BR,7S,9S,9ar,10S,10ar)-2,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-13-oxododecahydro-4a,1-(epoxymethano)-7,9a-methanobenzo[a]azulene-10-carboxylic acid | ChEBI | ent-3alpha,10beta,13,15alpha-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactone | ChEBI | (1S,2S,4AR,4BR,7S,9S,9ar,10S,10ar)-2,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-13-oxododecahydro-4a,1-(epoxymethano)-7,9a-methanobenzo[a]azulene-10-carboxylate | Generator | ent-3a,10b,13,15a-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactone | Generator | ent-3a,10b,13,15a-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactone | Generator | ent-3alpha,10beta,13,15alpha-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactone | Generator | ent-3Α,10β,13,15α-tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactone | Generator | ent-3Α,10β,13,15α-tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactone | Generator | GA72 | HMDB | Gibberellin A72 | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C19H24O7 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 364.394 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 364.152203113 |
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IUPAC Name | (1R,2R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10R,11S,12S)-5,7,12-trihydroxy-11-methyl-6-methylidene-16-oxo-15-oxapentacyclo[9.3.2.1^{5,8}.0^{1,10}.0^{2,8}]heptadecane-9-carboxylic acid |
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Traditional Name | (1R,2R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10R,11S,12S)-5,7,12-trihydroxy-11-methyl-6-methylidene-16-oxo-15-oxapentacyclo[9.3.2.1^{5,8}.0^{1,10}.0^{2,8}]heptadecane-9-carboxylic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 105593-21-3 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C19H24O7/c1-8-13(21)18-7-17(8,25)5-3-9(18)19-6-4-10(20)16(2,15(24)26-19)12(19)11(18)14(22)23/h9-13,20-21,25H,1,3-7H2,2H3,(H,22,23)/t9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | SISDKGXXRJQNSE-VKRREQRESA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Diterpenoids |
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Direct Parent | C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - 20-norgibberellane-6-carboxylic acid
- Diterpene lactone
- Caprolactone
- Oxepane
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Gamma butyrolactone
- Cyclic alcohol
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Tertiary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Secondary alcohol
- Lactone
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Polyol
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredictor | Adduct Type | CCS Value (Å2) | Reference |
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DeepCCS | [M-2H]- | 219.196 | 30932474 | DeepCCS | [M+Na]+ | 193.645 | 30932474 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2818.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2801.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2785.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2808.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2826.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2818.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2801.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2807.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #5 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2786.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #6 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2794.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 2816.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2800.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2809.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2799.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,4TMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2820.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3051.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3017.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3017.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3014.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3263.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3253.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3259.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3231.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #5 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3233.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #6 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3228.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O | 3465.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3463.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3459.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #4 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3449.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Gibberellin A72,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3661.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0009000000-e6ac941a498158e56f3f | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0gb9-0009000000-0bf98050454fcb5a44ea | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00m0-0019000000-4f7cd63bcdccd26391de | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0009000000-cbbc9df830dd6d6ce0ea | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0bt9-0009000000-193d45e37f979e35e95b | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-08gi-0009000000-1f0b2088bc94b4f0b616 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane
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Biospecimen Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB015849 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00000072 |
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Chemspider ID | 62861393 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 14160510 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 142023 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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