Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 22:04:21 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:55:06 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0036890
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB36890
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGibberellin A72
DescriptionGibberellin A72, also known as GA72, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Gibberellin A72.
Structure
Data?1595527359
Synonyms
ValueSource
(1S,2S,4AR,4BR,7S,9S,9ar,10S,10ar)-2,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-13-oxododecahydro-4a,1-(epoxymethano)-7,9a-methanobenzo[a]azulene-10-carboxylic acidChEBI
ent-3alpha,10beta,13,15alpha-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactoneChEBI
(1S,2S,4AR,4BR,7S,9S,9ar,10S,10ar)-2,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-13-oxododecahydro-4a,1-(epoxymethano)-7,9a-methanobenzo[a]azulene-10-carboxylateGenerator
ent-3a,10b,13,15a-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactoneGenerator
ent-3a,10b,13,15a-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactoneGenerator
ent-3alpha,10beta,13,15alpha-Tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactoneGenerator
ent-3Α,10β,13,15α-tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioate 19,10-lactoneGenerator
ent-3Α,10β,13,15α-tetrahydroxy-20-norgibberell-16-ene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactoneGenerator
GA72HMDB
Gibberellin A72HMDB
Chemical FormulaC19H24O7
Average Molecular Weight364.394
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight364.152203113
IUPAC Name(1R,2R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10R,11S,12S)-5,7,12-trihydroxy-11-methyl-6-methylidene-16-oxo-15-oxapentacyclo[9.3.2.1^{5,8}.0^{1,10}.0^{2,8}]heptadecane-9-carboxylic acid
Traditional Name(1R,2R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10R,11S,12S)-5,7,12-trihydroxy-11-methyl-6-methylidene-16-oxo-15-oxapentacyclo[9.3.2.1^{5,8}.0^{1,10}.0^{2,8}]heptadecane-9-carboxylic acid
CAS Registry Number105593-21-3
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H24O7/c1-8-13(21)18-7-17(8,25)5-3-9(18)19-6-4-10(20)16(2,15(24)26-19)12(19)11(18)14(22)23/h9-13,20-21,25H,1,3-7H2,2H3,(H,22,23)/t9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m1/s1
InChI KeySISDKGXXRJQNSE-VKRREQRESA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassDiterpenoids
Direct ParentC19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 20-norgibberellane-6-carboxylic acid
  • Diterpene lactone
  • Caprolactone
  • Oxepane
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Gamma butyrolactone
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Tertiary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Lactone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility10.5 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.27ALOGPS
logP-0.67ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.11ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area124.29 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity86.97 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability36 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M-2H]-219.19630932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+193.64530932474

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Gibberellin A72[H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O4157.4Standard polar33892256
Gibberellin A72[H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O2761.7Standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72[H][C@@]12CC[C@]3(O)C[C@]1([C@H](O)C3=C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@]21OC3=O3216.6Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2818.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2801.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2785.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2808.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2826.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2818.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2801.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2807.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #5C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2786.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TMS,isomer #6C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2794.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O2816.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2800.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2809.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2799.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,4TMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2820.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3051.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3017.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3017.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,1TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3014.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3263.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3253.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3259.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3231.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #5C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3233.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,2TBDMS,isomer #6C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3228.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O3465.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3463.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1[C@@H](O)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3459.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,3TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3449.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Gibberellin A72,4TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@]23C[C@@]1(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC[C@H]2[C@@]12CC[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@](C)(C(=O)O1)[C@H]2[C@@H]3C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3661.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0009000000-cbbc9df830dd6d6ce0ea2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0bt9-0009000000-193d45e37f979e35e95b2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-08gi-0009000000-1f0b2088bc94b4f0b6162021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0009000000-e6ac941a498158e56f3f2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0gb9-0009000000-0bf98050454fcb5a44ea2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Gibberellin A72 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00m0-0019000000-4f7cd63bcdccd26391de2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB015849
KNApSAcK IDC00000072
Chemspider ID62861393
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound14160510
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID142023
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  2. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  3. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  4. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  5. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
  6. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.