Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2017-09-09 03:44:29 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-11-30 19:26:04 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0115147 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) |
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Description | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) is a phosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0), in particular, consists of one chain of arachidonic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of palmitic acid at the C-2 position. Phosphatidic acids are quite rare but are extremely important as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. |
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Structure | [H][C@@](COC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC)(COP(O)(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC InChI=1S/C39H69O8P/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-22-23-25-27-29-31-33-38(40)45-35-37(36-46-48(42,43)44)47-39(41)34-32-30-28-26-24-21-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h11,13,17-18,20,22,25,27,37H,3-10,12,14-16,19,21,23-24,26,28-36H2,1-2H3,(H2,42,43,44)/b13-11-,18-17-,22-20-,27-25-/t37-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1-Arachidonoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate | HMDB | 1-Arachidonoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-phosphatidic acid | HMDB | PA(20:4/16:0) | HMDB | PA(20:4N6/16:0) | HMDB | PA(20:4W6/16:0) | HMDB | PA(36:4) | HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4n6/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4W6/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(36:4) | HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4N6/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4W6/16:0) | HMDB | Phosphatidate(36:4) | HMDB | 1-arachidonoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate | SMPDB, HMDB | 1-arachidonoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-phosphatidic acid | SMPDB, HMDB | PA(20:4/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | PA(20:4n6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | PA(20:4w6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | PA(36:4) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4n6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(20:4w6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidic acid(36:4) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4n6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | Phosphatidate(20:4w6/16:0) | SMPDB, HMDB | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) | SMPDB |
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Chemical Formula | C39H69O8P |
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Average Molecular Weight | 696.947 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 696.47300618 |
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IUPAC Name | [(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propoxy]phosphonic acid |
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Traditional Name | (2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propoxyphosphonic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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SMILES | [H][C@@](COC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC)(COP(O)(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C39H69O8P/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-22-23-25-27-29-31-33-38(40)45-35-37(36-46-48(42,43)44)47-39(41)34-32-30-28-26-24-21-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h11,13,17-18,20,22,25,27,37H,3-10,12,14-16,19,21,23-24,26,28-36H2,1-2H3,(H2,42,43,44)/b13-11-,18-17-,22-20-,27-25-/t37-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | AICXPIWGUZBCTF-LAQBAJAOSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphates. These are glycerol-3-phosphates in which the glycerol moiety is bonded to two aliphatic chains through ester linkages. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Glycerophospholipids |
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Sub Class | Glycerophosphates |
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Direct Parent | 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphates |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate
- Fatty acid ester
- Monoalkyl phosphate
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Fatty acyl
- Alkyl phosphate
- Phosphoric acid ester
- Organic phosphoric acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organooxygen compound
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Naturally occurring processBiological processBiochemical pathwayMetabolic pathway- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0071989)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0071990)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0071995)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0071999)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0072006)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:1(11Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079777)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079778)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079779)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079782)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079787)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0079788)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079789)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0079790)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0095054)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0095065)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0095066)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0095067)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0071998)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0) (PathBank: SMP0071991)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0072000)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0095059)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)) (PathBank: SMP0016132)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0016133)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024739)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024740)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024741)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024742)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024743)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024744)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024745)
- De Novo Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis TG(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0024746)
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4934.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4388.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 5613.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),2TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4898.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),2TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4364.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),2TMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4880.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 5150.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 4494.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0),1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | 5592.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0k9j-5095303000-c18571a54dc1c4286325 | 2019-02-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-9033000000-4546b711a8d4b4d5c24f | 2019-02-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-9000000000-aa04dcc9eeb8df3d893c | 2019-02-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0000009000-1893c50f1f6cce1e67a0 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0pbm-1149906000-c8948d91fae8d3a7cb6d | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0zfr-1159301000-863f05ecb3ceaac5abf3 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000m-1193315000-f2d5cd32fbaf7e4d6190 | 2019-02-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000b-2292111000-5e0e993ea3150a5ee61b | 2019-02-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01ot-1495022000-e42b6fa97596bc4cc187 | 2019-02-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0000000900-880d5930a7c08196e5c4 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01i0-0000009900-5d255d71254b516f42e9 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0159-0000901300-9e3106ed0547f7109746 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-004j-0000009000-8b88b98eab7e161d5872 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-0000059000-63d74b98d40aee73f8c4 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PA(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0007-0006693000-f3697e8a76aad5091212 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | Not Available |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 74876889 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 52929450 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Moritz A, De Graan PN, Gispen WH, Wirtz KW: Phosphatidic acid is a specific activator of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7207-10. [PubMed:1313792 ]
- Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Divecha N, Irvine RF: Phospholipid signaling. Cell. 1995 Jan 27;80(2):269-78. [PubMed:7834746 ]
- Moolenaar WH, Kruijer W, Tilly BC, Verlaan I, Bierman AJ, de Laat SW: Growth factor-like action of phosphatidic acid. Nature. 1986 Sep 11-17;323(6084):171-3. [PubMed:3748188 ]
- Yang CY, Frohman MA: Mitochondria: signaling with phosphatidic acid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012 Aug;44(8):1346-50. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22609101 ]
- Cevc, Gregor (1993). Phospholipids Handbook. Marcel Dekker.
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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