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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for (S)-Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde (HMDB02217)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2006-05-22 15:17:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:59:10
Accession Number HMDB02217
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name (S)-Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde
Description Methylmalonic semialdehyde is a metabolite in valine catabolism, inositol metabolism and propanoate metabolism. Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH) catalyses the NAD+ and coenzyme A-dependent conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA in the distal region of the L-valine catabolic pathway. MMSDH is located within the mitochondria; direct enzymatic assay of MMSDH is difficult since the substrate, methylmalonate semialdehyde, is both commercially unavailable and notoriously unstable as a b-keto acid. (PMID: 10947204)
Synonyms
  1. (S)-Methylmalonate semialdehyde
  2. (2S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate
  3. (2S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
Chemical Formula C4H6O3
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Organic acids
Class
  • Keto-Acids
Sub Class
  • Short chain keto-acids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • aldehyde
  • carboxylic acid
Biofunction
—
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 102.089
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 102.031693
Isomeric SMILES C[C@@H](C=O)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CC(C=O)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C06002 Link Image
BioCyc ID Not Available
BiGG ID 34698 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB02217 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB02217 Link Image
METLIN ID 6553 Link Image
PubChem Compound 5462303 Link Image
PubChem Substance Not Available
ChEBI ID Not Available
CAS Registry Number 99043-16-0
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C4H6O3/c1-3(2-5)4(6)7/h2-3H,1H3,(H,6,7)/t3-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Melting Point (Experimental) Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 266.0 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.00 [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location Not Available
Biofluid Location Not Available
Tissue Location Not Available
Concentrations (Normal) Not Available
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Propanoate Metabolism SMP00016 Link Image map00640 Link Image
Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation SMP00032 Link Image map00280 Link Image
General References
  1. Manning NJ, Pollitt RJ: Tracer studies of the interconversion of R- and S-methylmalonic semialdehydes in man. Biochem J. 1985 Oct 15;231(2):481-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial precursor
  2. Aldehyde oxidase
  3. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
  4. 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
  5. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
  6. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3
  7. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
  8. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase
  9. Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial precursor
  10. Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
  11. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
  12. Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2
  13. Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, type II
  14. Enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
  15. cDNA, FLJ92720, Homo sapiens aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1 (ALDH6A1),nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1, isoform CRA_b)
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5280
Enzyme 1 Name Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. MMSDH
  2. Malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating]
Enzyme 1 Gene Name ALDH6A1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial precursor 
MAALLAAAAVRARILQVSSKVKSSPTWYSASSFSSSVPTVKLFIGGKFVESKSDKWIDIH
NPATNEVIGRVPQATKAEMDAAIASCKRAFPAWADTSVLSRQQVLLRYQQLIKENLKEIA
KLITLEQGKTLADAEGDVFRGLQVVEHACSVTSLMMGETMPSITKDMDLYSYRLPLGVCA
GIAPFNFPAMIPLWMFPMAMVCGNTFLMKPSERVPGATMLLAKLLQDSGAPDGTLNIIHG
QHEAVNFICDHPDIKAISFVGSNKAGEYIFERGSRHGKRVQANMGAKNHGVVMPDANKEN
TLNQLVGAAFGAAGQRCMALSTAVLVGEAKKWLPELVEHAKNLRVNAGDQPGADLGPLIT
PQAKERVCNLIDSGTKEGASILLDGRKIKVKGYENGNFVGPTIISNVKPNMTCYKEEIFG
PVLVVLETETLDEAIQIVNNNPYGNGTAIFTTNGATARKYAHLVDVGQVGVNVPIPVPLP
MFSFTGSRSSFRGDTNFYGKQGIQFYTQLKTITSQWKEEDATLSSPAVVMPTMGR
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 535
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 57840
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 8.69
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • valine metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD+ = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • 1-19
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 174-196
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 7160985 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q02252 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name MMSA_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1608 bp 
ATGGCGGCGCTATTGGCGGCGGCGGCAGTGCGAGCCCGGATCCTGCAGGTTTCTTCCAAG
GTGAAATCCAGTCCCACCTGGTATTCAGCATCTTCCTTCTCTTCTTCAGTGCCAACTGTA
AAGCTCTTCATTGGTGGGAAATTCGTTGAATCCAAAAGTGACAAATGGATCGATATCCAC
AACCCAGCCACCAATGAGGTCATTGGTCGGGTCCCTCAGGCCACCAAGGCAGAAATGGAT
GCAGCCATTGCTTCCTGCAAACGTGCTTTTCCTGCATGGGCAGACACTTCAGTATTAAGC
CGCCAGCAGGTCTTGCTCCGCTATCAACAACTTATTAAAGAAAACTTGAAAGAAATTGCC
AAGTTAATCACATTGGAACAAGGGAAGACCCTAGCTGATGCTGAAGGAGATGTATTTCGA
GGCCTTCAGGTGGTTGAGCATGCCTGTAGTGTGACATCCCTCATGATGGGAGAGACCATG
CCATCCATCACCAAAGACATGGACCTTTATTCCTACCGTCTGCCTCTGGGAGTGTGTGCA
GGCATTGCTCCATTCAATTTTCCTGCCATGATCCCCCTTTGGATGTTTCCCATGGCCATG
GTGTGTGGAAATACCTTCCTAATGAAACCATCTGAGCGAGTCCCTGGAGCAACTATGCTT
CTTGCTAAGTTGCTCCAGGATTCTGGTGCCCCTGATGGAACATTAAACATCATCCATGGA
CAGCATGAAGCTGTAAATTTTATTTGCGATCATCCGGACATCAAAGCAATCAGCTTTGTG
GGATCCAACAAGGCAGGAGAGTATATCTTCGAGAGAGGATCAAGACATGGCAAGAGGGTT
CAAGCCAATATGGGAGCCAAGAACCATGGGGTAGTCATGCCAGATGCCAATAAGGAAAAT
ACCCTGAACCAGCTGGTTGGGGCAGCATTTGGAGCTGCTGGTCAGCGCTGCATGGCTCTT
TCAACAGCAGTCCTTGTGGGAGAAGCCAAGAAGTGGCTGCCAGAGCTGGTGGAGCATGCC
AAAAACCTGAGAGTCAATGCAGGAGATCAGCCTGGAGCTGATCTTGGCCCTCTGATCACT
CCCCAGGCCAAAGAGCGAGTCTGTAATCTGATTGATAGTGGAACAAAGGAGGGAGCTTCC
ATCCTTCTTGATGGACGAAAAATTAAAGTGAAAGGCTATGAAAATGGCAACTTTGTTGGA
CCAACCATCATCTCGAATGTCAAGCCAAATATGACCTGTTACAAAGAGGAGATTTTTGGT
CCAGTTCTTGTGGTTCTGGAGACAGAAACATTGGATGAAGCCATCCAGATTGTAAATAAC
AACCCATATGGAAATGGAACTGCCATCTTCACCACCAATGGAGCCACTGCTCGGAAATAT
GCCCACTTGGTGGATGTTGGACAGGTGGGAGTGAATGTCCCCATTCCAGTGCCTTTGCCA
ATGTTCTCATTCACCGGCTCTCGATCCTCCTTCAGGGGAGACACCAATTTCTATGGCAAA
CAGGGCATCCAATTCTACACTCAGTTAAAGACCATTACTTCTCAGTGGAAAGAAGAAGAT
GCTACTCTTTCCTCACCTGCTGTTGTCATGCCTACCATGGGCCGTTAG
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID AJ249994 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID ALDH6A1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID ALDH6A1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:7179 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 14
Enzyme 1 Locus 14q24.3
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Chambliss KL, Gray RG, Rylance G, Pollitt RJ, Gibson KM: Molecular characterization of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2000 Jul;23(5):497-504. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kedishvili NY, Popov KM, Rougraff PM, Zhao Y, Crabb DW, Harris RA: CoA-dependent methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a unique member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. cDNA cloning, evolutionary relationships, and tissue distribution. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 25;267(27):19724-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5358
Enzyme 2 Name Aldehyde oxidase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Name AOX1
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde oxidase 
MDRASELLFYVNGRKVIEKNVDPETMLLPYLRKKLRLTGTPYGCGGGGCGACTVMISRYN
PITKRIRHHPANACLIPICSLYGAAVTTVEGIGSTHTRIHPVQERIAKCHGTQCGFCTPG
MVMSIYPLLRNHPEPTLDQLTDALGGNLCRCHGYRPIIDACKTFCKTSGCCQSKENGVCC
LDQGINGLPEFEEGSKTSPKLFAEEEFLPLDPTQELIFPPELMIMADKQSQRTRVFGSER
MMWFSPVTLKDLLEFKFKYPQAPVIMGNTSVGPEVKFKGVFHPGYNSPDRIEEPECCKPC
IYGLTLGAGLSLAQVKDILADVVQKLPEEKTQMYHALLKHLGTLAGSQIRNMASLGGHII
SRHPDSDLNPILAVGNCTLNLLSKEGKRQIPLNEQFLSKCPNADLKPQEILVSVNIPISR
KWEFVSAFRQAQRQENALAIVNSGMRVFFGEGDGIIRELCISYGGVGPATICAKNSCQKL
IGRHWNEQMLDIACRLILNEVSLLGSAPGGKVEFKRTLIISFLFKFYLEVSQILKKMDPV
HYPSLADKYESALEDLHSKHHCSTLKYQNIGPKQHPEDPIGHPIMHLSGVKHATGEAIYC
DDMPLVDQELFLTFVTSSRAHAKIVSIDLSEALSMPGVVDIMTAEHLSDVNSFCFFTEAE
KFLATDKVFCVGQLVCAVLADSEVQAKRAAKRVKIVYQDLEPLILTIEESIQHNSSFKPE
RKLEYGNVDEAFKVVDQILEGEIHMGGQEHFYMETQSMLVVPKGEDQEMDVYVSTQFPKY
IQDIVASTLKLPANKVMCHVRRVGGAFGGKVLKTGIIAAVTAFAANKHGRAVRCVLERGE
DMLITGGRHPYLGKYKAGFMNDGRILALDMEHYSNAGASLDESLFVIEMGLLKMDNAYKF
PNLRCRGWACRTNLPSNTAFRGFGFPQAVLITESCITEVAAKCGLSPEKVRIINMYKEID
QTPYKQEINAKNLIQCWRECMAMSSYSLRKVAVEKFNAENYWKKKGLAMVPLKFPVGLAS
RAAGQAAALVHIYLDGSVLVTHGGIEMGQGVHTKMIQVVSRELRMPMSNVHLRGTSTETV
PNANISGGSVVADLNGLAVKDACQTLLKRLEPIISKNPKGTWKDWAQTAFDESINLSAVG
YFRGYESDMNWEKGEGQPFEYFVYGAACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNIRTDIVMDVGCSINPAID
IGQIEGAFIQGMGLYTIEELNYSPQGILHTRGPDQYKIPAICDMPTELHIALLPPSQNSN
TLYSSKGLGESGVFLGCSVFFAIHDAVSAARQERGLHGPLTLNSPLTPEKIRMACEDKFT
KMIPRDEPGSYVPWNVPI
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 1338
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 147933
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 7.11
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • electron transporter activity
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function An aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = a carboxylic acid + H(2)O(2)
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + H2O2
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 438656 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q06278 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADO_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >4017 bp 
ATGGACCGGGCGTCCGAGCTGCTCTTCTACGTGAACGGCCGCAAGGTGATAGAAAAAAAT
GTCGATCCTGAAACAATGCTGTTGCCTTATTTGAGGAAGAAGCTTCGACTCACAGGAACT
CCGTATGGCTGTGGAGGAGGAGGCTGTGGTGCTTGTACAGTGATGATATCACGATACAAC
CCCATCACCAAGAGGATAAGGCATCACCCAGCCAATGCCTGTCTGATTCCCATCTGTTCT
CTGTATGGTGCTGCCGTCACCACAGTAGAAGGCATAGGAAGCACCCACACCAGAATTCAT
CCTGTTCAGGAGAGGATTGCCAAGTGTCATGGCACCCAGTGTGGCTTCTGCACACCTGGG
ATGGTGATGTCCATCTACCCCCTGCTCAGGAACCACCCAGAGCCCACTCTGGATCAGTTA
ACTGATGCCCTTGGTGGTAACCTGTGCCGTTGCCATGGATACAGGCCCATAATTGATGCA
TGCAAGACTTTCTGTAAAACTTCGGGCTGCTGTCAAAGTAAAGAAAATGGGGTTTGCTGT
TTGGATCAAGGAATCAATGGATTGCCAGAATTTGAGGAAGGAAGTAAGACAAGTCCAAAA
CTCTTCGCAGAAGAGGAGTTTCTGCCATTGGATCCAACCCAGGAACTGATATTTCCTCCT
GAGCTAATGATAATGGCTGATAAACAGTCGCAAAGGACCAGGGTGTTTGGCAGTGAGAGA
ATGATGTGGTTTTCCCCCGTGACCCTGAAGGACCTGCTGGAATTTAAATTCAAGTATCCC
CAGGCTCCTGTTATCATGGGAAACACCTCTGTGGGGCCTGAAGTGAAATTTAAAGGCGTC
TTTCACCCAGGTTATAATTCTCCTGATAGAATTGAAGAACCTGAGTGTTGTAAACCATGC
ATATATGGACTCACCCTTGGTGCTGGTCTCAGCCTAGCCCAGGTGAAGGACATTTTGGCT
GATGTAGTCCAGAAGCTTCCAGAGGAGAAGACACAGATGTACCATGCTCTCCTGAAGCAT
TTGGGAACTCTGGCTGGGTCCCAGATCAGGAACATGGCTTCTTTAGGGGGACACATCATT
AGCAGGCATCCAGATTCAGATCTGAATCCCATCCTGGCTGTGGGTAACTGTACCCTCAAC
TTGCTATCAAAAGAAGGAAAACGACAGATTCCTTTAAATGAGCAATTCCTCAGCAAGTGC
CCTAATGCAGATCTTAAGCCTCAAGAAATCTTGGTCTCAGTGAACATCCCCATCTCAAGG
AAGTGGGAATTTGTGTCAGCCTTCCGACAAGCCCAGCGACAGGAGAATGCGCTAGCGATA
GTCAATTCAGGAATGAGAGTCTTTTTTGGAGAAGGGGATGGCATTATTAGAGAGTTATGC
ATCTCATATGGAGGCGTTGGTCCAGCCACCATCTGTGCCAAGAATTCCTGCCAGAAACTC
ATTGGAAGGCACTGGAACGAACAGATGCTGGATATAGCCTGCAGGCTTATTCTGAATGAA
GTCTCCCTTTTGGGCTCGGCGCCAGGTGGGAAAGTGGAGTTCAAGAGGACTCTCATCATC
AGCTTCCTCTTCAAGTTCTACCTGGAAGTGTCACAGATTTTGAAAAAGATGGATCCAGTT
CACTATCCTAGCCTTGCAGACAAGTATGAAAGTGCTTTAGAAGATCTTCATTCCAAACAT
CACTGCAGTACATTAAAGTACCAGAATATAGGCCCAAAGCAGCATCCTGAAGACCCAATT
GGCCACCCCATCATGCATCTGTCTGGTGTGAAGCATGCCACGGGGGAGGCCATCTACTGT
GATGACATGCCTCTGGTGGACCAGGAACTTTTCTTGACTTTTGTGACTAGTTCAAGAGCT
CATGCTAAGATTGTGTCTATTGATCTGTCAGAAGCTCTCAGCATGCCCGGTGTGGTGGAC
ATCATGACAGCAGAACATCTTAGTGACGTCAACTCCTTCTGCTTTTTTACTGAAGCTGAG
AAATTTCTGGCGACAGATAAGGTGTTCTGTGTGGGTCAGCTTGTCTGTGCTGTGCTTGCC
GATTCTGAGGTTCAGGCAAAGCGAGCTGCTAAGCGAGTGAAGATTGTCTATCAAGACTTG
GAGCCGCTGATACTAACAATTGAGGAAAGTATACAACACAACTCCTCCTTCAAGCCAGAA
AGGAAACTGGAATATGGAAATGTTGACGAAGCATTTAAAGTGGTTGATCAAATTCTTGAA
GGTGAAATACATATGGGAGGTCAAGAACATTTTTATATGGAAACCCAAAGCATGCTTGTC
GTTCCCAAGGGAGAGGATCAAGAAATGGATGTCTACGTGTCCACACAGTTTCCCAAATAT
ATACAGGACATTGTTGCCTCAACCTTGAAGCTCCCAGCTAACAAGGTCATGTGCCATGTA
AGGCGTGTTGGTGGAGCGTTTGGAGGGAAGGTGTTAAAAACCGGAATCATTGCAGCCGTC
ACTGCATTTGCCGCAAACAAACATGGCCGTGCAGTTCGCTGTGTTCTGGAACGAGGAGAA
GACATGTTAATAACTGGAGGCCGCCATCCTTACCTTGGAAAGTACAAAGCTGGATTCATG
AACGATGGCAGAATCTTGGCCCTGGACATGGAGCATTACAGCAATGCAGGCGCCTCCTTG
GATGAATCATTATTCGTGATAGAAATGGGACTTCTGAAAATGGACAATGCTTACAAGTTT
CCCAATCTCCGCTGCCGGGGTTGGGCATGCAGAACCAACCTTCCATCCAACACAGCTTTT
CGTGGGTTTGGCTTTCCTCAGGCAGTGCTGATCACCGAATCTTGTATCACGGAAGTTGCA
GCCAAATGTGGACTATCCCCTGAGAAGGTGCGAATCATAAACATGTACAAGGAAATTGAT
CAAACACCCTACAAACAAGAGATCAATGCCAAGAACCTAATCCAGTGTTGGAGAGAATGT
ATGGCCATGTCTTCCTACTCCTTGAGGAAAGTTGCTGTGGAAAAGTTCAATGCAGAGAAT
TATTGGAAGAAGAAAGGACTGGCCATGGTCCCCCTGAAGTTTCCTGTTGGCCTTGCGTCA
CGTGCTGCTGGTCAGGCTGCTGCCTTGGTTCACATTTATCTTGATGGCTCTGTGCTGGTC
ACTCACGGTGGAATTGAAATGGGGCAGGGGGTCCACACTAAAATGATTCAGGTGGTCAGC
CGTGAATTAAGAATGCCAATGTCGAATGTCCACCTGCGTGGAACAAGCACAGAAACTGTC
CCTAATGCAAATATCTCTGGAGGTTCTGTGGTGGCAGATCTCAACGGTTTGGCAGTAAAG
GATGCCTGTCAAACTCTTCTAAAACGCCTCGAACCCATCATCAGCAAGAATCCTAAAGGA
ACTTGGAAAGACTGGGCACAGACTGCTTTTGATGAAAGCATTAACCTTTCAGCTGTTGGA
TACTTCAGAGGTTATGAGTCAGACATGAACTGGGAGAAAGGCGAAGGCCAGCCCTTCGAA
TACTTTGTTTATGGAGCTGCCTGTTCCGAGGTTGAAATAGACTGCCTGACGGGGGATCAT
AAGAACATCAGAACAGACATTGTCATGGATGTTGGCTGCAGTATAAATCCAGCCATTGAC
ATAGGCCAGATTGAAGGTGCATTTATTCAAGGCATGGGACTTTATACAATAGAGGAACTG
AATTATTCTCCCCAGGGCATTCTGCACACTCGTGGTCCAGACCAATATAAAATCCCTGCC
ATCTGTGACATGCCCACGGAGTTGCACATTGCTTTGTTGCCTCCTTCTCAAAACTCAAAT
ACTCTTTATTCATCTAAGGGTCTGGGAGAGTCGGGGGTGTTCCTGGGGTGTTCCGTGTTT
TTCGCTATCCATGACGCAGTGAGTGCAGCACGACAGGAGAGAGGCCTGCATGGACCCTTG
ACCCTTAATAGTCCACTGACCCCGGAGAAGATTAGGATGGCCTGTGAAGACAAGTTCACA
AAAATGATTCCGAGAGATGAACCTGGATCCTACGTTCCTTGGAATGTACCCATCTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID L11005 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID AOX1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID AOX1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:553 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 2 Locus 2q33
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Wright RM, Vaitaitis GM, Wilson CM, Repine TB, Terada LS, Repine JE: cDNA cloning, characterization, and tissue-specific expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10690-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 5480
Enzyme 3 Name 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. (S-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
  2. Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase
  3. GABA transaminase
  4. GABA aminotransferase
  5. GABA-AT
  6. GABA-T
  7. L-AIBAT
Enzyme 3 Gene Name ABAT
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor 
MASMLLAQRLACSFQHSYRLLVPGSRHISQAAAKVDVEFDYDGPLMKTEVPGPRSQELMK
QLNIIQNAEAVHFFCNYEESRGNYLVDVDGNRMLDLYSQISSVPIGYSHPALLKLIQQPQ
NASMFVNRPALGILPPENFVEKLRQSLLSVAPKGMSQLITMACGSCSNENALKTIFMWYR
SKERGQRGFSQEELETCMINQAPGCPDYSILSFMGAFHGRTMGCLATTHSKAIHKIDIPS
FDWPIAPFPRLKYPLEEFVKENQQEEARCLEEVEDLIVKYRKKKKTVAGIIVEPIQSEGG
DNHASDDFFRKLRDIARKHGCAFLVDEVQTGGGCTGKFWAHEHWGLDDPADVMTFSKKMM
TGGFFHKEEFRPNAPYRIFNTWLGDPSKNLLLAEVINIIKREDLLNNAAHAGKALLTGLL
DLQARYPQFISRVRGRGTFCSFDTPDDSIRNKLILIARNKGVVLGGCGDKSIRFRPTLVF
RDHHAHLFLNIFSDILADFK
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 500
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 56440
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 8.04
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • pyridoxal phosphate binding
  • transaminase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
  • vitamin binding
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid derivative metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L- beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine
Enzyme 3 Pathways
  • Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 Link Image)
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 602705 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P80404 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GABT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID 1OHY Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB File Show
Enzyme 3 3D Structure
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1503 bp 
ATGGCCTCCATGTTGCTCGCCCAGCGGCTGGCCTGCAGCTTCCAGCACACGTACCGCCTG
CTGGTGCCTGGATCCAGACACATTAGTCAAGCTGCAGCCAAAGTCGACGTTGAATTTGAT
TATGATGGGCCTCTGATGAAGACGGAAGTCCCAGGGCCTAGATCTCAGGAGTTAATGAAA
CAGCTGAATATAATTCAGAATGCAGAGGCTGTGCATTTTTTCTGCAATTACGAAGAGAGC
CGAGGCAATTACCTGGTTGATGTGGACGGCAACCGAATGCTGGATCTTTATTCCCAGATC
TCCTCTGTTCCCATAGGTTACAGCGACCCGGCCCTCGTGAAACTCATCCAACAGCCACAA
AATGCGAGCATGTTTGTCAACAGACCCGCCCTCGAAATCCTGCCTCCGGAGAACTTTGTG
GAGAAGCTCCGGCAGTCCTTGCTCTCGGTGGCTCCCAAAGGGATGTCCCAGCTCATCACC
ATGGCCTGCGGCTCCTGCTCCAATGAAAACGCCTTAAAGACCATCTTCATGTGGTACCGG
AGCAAGGAAAGAGGGCAGAGGGGATTCTCCAAAGAGGAGCTGGAGACGTGCATGATTAAC
CAGGCCCCCTGGTGCCCCGACTACAGCATCCTCTCCTTCATGGGTTCCTTCCATGGGAGG
ACCATGGGTTGCTTAGCGACCACGCACTCTAAAGCCATTCACAAGATCGATATCCCTTCC
TTTGACTGGCCCATCGCACCGTTCCCACGGCTGAAATACCCTCTGGAAGAGTTTGTGAAA
GAGAACCAACAGGAAGAGGCCGGCTGTCTGGAAGAGGTTGAGGATCTGATTGTGAAATAT
CGAAAAAAGAAGAAGACGGTGGCCGGGATCATCGTGGAGCCCATCCAGTCCGAGGGTGGA
GACAACCATGCATCCGATGACTTCTTTCGGAAGCTGAGAGACATCGCCAGGAAGCACTGC
TGCGCCTTCTTGGTGGACGAGGTCCAGACCGGAGGAGGCTGCACGGGCAAGTTCTGGGCC
CATGAGCACTGGGGCCTGGATGACCCAGCAGACGTGATGACCTTCAGCAAGAAGATGATG
ACTGGGGGCTTCTTCCTCAAGGAGGAGTTCAGGCCTAATGCTCCCTACCGGATCTTCAAC
ACGTGGCTGGGGGACCCGTCCAAGAACCTGTTGCTGGCTGAGGTCATCAACATCATCAAG
CGGGAGGACCTGCTAAATAATGCAGCCCATGCCGGGAAGGCCCTGCTCACAGGACTGCTG
GACCTCCAGGCCCGGTACCCCCAGTTCATCAGCAGGGTGAGAGGACGAGGCACCTTTTGC
TCCTTCGATACTCCCGATGATTCCATACGGAATAAGCTCATTTTAATTGCCAGAAACAAA
GGTGTGGTGTTGGGTGGCTGTGGTGACAAATCCATTCGTTTCCGTCCCACGCTGGTGTTC
AGGGATCACCACGCTCACCTGTTCCTCAATATTTTCAGTGACATCTTAGCAGACTTCAAG
TAA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID L32961 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID ABAT Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID ABAT Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:23 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 16
Enzyme 3 Locus 16p13.2
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Osei YD, Churchich JE: Screening and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding the human brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):185-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. De Biase D, Barra D, Simmaco M, John RA, Bossa F: Primary structure and tissue distribution of human 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jan 15;227(1-2):476-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Medina-Kauwe LK, Tobin AJ, De Meirleir L, Jaeken J, Jakobs C, Nyhan WL, Gibson KM: 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-transaminase) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Jun;22(4):414-27. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 5526
Enzyme 4 Name 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. TMABADH
  2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9A1
  3. Aldehyde dehydrogenase E3 isozyme
  4. Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
  5. R- aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Enzyme 4 Gene Name ALDH9A1
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase 
MSTGTFVVSQPLNYRGGARVEPADASGTEKAFEPATGRVIATFTCSGEKEVNLAVQNAKA
AFKIWSQKSGMERCRILLEAARIIREREDEIATMECINNGKSIFEARLDIDISWQCLEYY
AGLAASMAGEHIQLPGGSFGYTRREPLGVCVGIGAWNYPFQIASWKSAPALACGNAMVFK
PSPFTPVSALLLAEIYSEAGVPPGLFNVVQGGAATGQFLCQHPDVAKVSFTGSVPTGMKI
MEMSAKGIKPVTLELGGKSPLIIFSDCDMNNAVKGALMANFLTQGQVCCNGTRVFVQKEI
LDKFTEEVVKQTQRIKIGDPLLEDTRMGPLINRPHLERVLGFVKVAKEQGAKVLCGGDIY
VPEDPKLKDGYYMRPCVLTNCRDDMTCVKEEIFGPVMSILSFDTEAEVLERANDTTFGLA
AGVFTRDIQRAHRVVAELQAGTCFINNYNVSPVELPFGGYKKSGFGRENGRVTIEYYSQL
KTVCVEMGDVESAF
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 494
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 53802
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 5.61
Enzyme 4 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 4 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 4 Specific Function Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma- butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction
Enzyme 4 Pathways
Enzyme 4 Reactions
  • 4-trimethylammoniobutanal + NAD+ = 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + NADH + H+
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 1049219 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P49189 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL9A1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >1482 bp 
ATGAGCACTGGCACCTTCGTCGTGTCGCAGCCGCTCAATTACCGCGGCGGGGCCGCTGGA
GCCGGCGGACGCTCCGGTACCGAGAAAGCTTTCGAGCCAGCAACCGGCCGAGTGATAGCT
ACTTTCACATGTTCAGGAGAAAAGGAAGTAAATTTGGCTGTTCAAAATGCAAAGGCTGCT
TTTAAAATATGGAGTCAAAAATCTGGCATGGAGCGTTGCCGAATCCTTTTGGAGGCTGCC
AGGATAATAAGGGAACGGGAGGATGAAATTGCTACTATGGAGTGCATCAACAATGGCAAG
TCCATCTTTGAGGCCCGCTTGGACATTGACATTTCCTGGCAGTGCCTGGAGTATTATGCG
GGCTTGGCTGCATCCATGGCTGGTGAACACATCCAGCTCCCAGGTGGATCGTTTGGTTAT
ACCAGAAGAGAACCACTTGGGGTATGTGTGGGAATAGGAGCATGGAACTACCCCTTTCAG
ATTGCCTCTTGGAAGTCGGCTCCAGCATTAGCCTGTGGTAATGCCATGGTCTTTAAACCT
TCTCCCTTTACACCTGTTTCTGCATTGCTACTGGCTGAAATCTACAGTGAGGCTGGTGTA
CCTCCTGGGCTCTTCAATGTGGTGCAGGGAGGGGCTGCCACAGGCCAGTTTCTGTGTCAG
CATCCCGATGTGGCCAAAGTCTCCTTCACTGGAAGTGTGCCCACTGGCATGAAGATCATG
GAGATGTCAGCTAAAGGAATCAAACCTGTTACCTTGGAACTTGGAGGCAAATCTCCACTC
ATCATCTTCTCAGACTGTGATATGAACAATGCTGTAAAGGGGGCGCTGATGGCCAACTTC
CTCACACAAGGCCAGGTTTGCTGTAATGGCACAAGAGTATTTGTGCAGAAAGAAATTCTT
GATAAATTTACAGAGGAAGTGGTGAAACAGACCCAAAGGATTAAAATTGGAGATCCCCTT
CTGGAAGATACAAGGATGGGTCCACTCATCAACCGACCACACCTGGAGCGAGTCCTTGGG
TTTGTCAAAGTGGCAAAGGAGCAGGGTGCTAAAGTGTTATGTGGTGGAGATATATATGTA
CCTGAAGATCCCAAATTAAAGGATGGATATTACATGAGACCTTGTGTATTAACTAATTGC
AGAGACGACATGACCTGTGTGAAGGAAGAGATCTTTGGGCCTGTTATGTCCATTTTATCA
TTTGACACTGAAGCTGAGGTTCTAGAAAGAGCCAATGATACCACTTTTGGACTAGCAGCT
GGCGTCTTTACCAGGGACATCCAACGGGCTCATAGAGTGGTAGCTGAGCTTCAGGCTGGG
ACGTGCTTCATTAACAACTATAACGTCAGCCCAGTGGAGTTGCCCTTTGGTGGATATAAG
AAGTCAGGATTTGGCAGAGAGAACGGCCGTGTGACAATCGAATATTATTCACAGCTGAAG
ACTGTGTGTGTGGAGATGGGTGATGTGGAATCTGCTTTTTGA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID U34252 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID ALDH9A1 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID ALDH9A1 Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:412 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 4 Locus 1q23.1
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References
  1. Lin SW, Chen JC, Hsu LC, Hsieh CL, Yoshida A: Human gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH9): cDNA sequence, genomic organization, polymorphism, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression. Genomics. 1996 Jun 15;34(3):376-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Vaz FM, Fouchier SW, Ofman R, Sommer M, Wanders RJ: Molecular and biochemical characterization of rat gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase and evidence for the involvement of human aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 in carnitine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 10;275(10):7390-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kikonyogo A, Pietruszko R: Aldehyde dehydrogenase from adult human brain that dehydrogenates gamma-aminobutyraldehyde: purification, characterization, cloning and distribution. Biochem J. 1996 May 15;316 ( Pt 1):317-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Kurys G, Shah PC, Kikonygo A, Reed D, Ambroziak W, Pietruszko R: Human aldehyde dehydrogenase. cDNA cloning and primary structure of the enzyme that catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-aminobutyraldehyde. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Dec 1;218(2):311-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Kurys G, Ambroziak W, Pietruszko R: Human aldehyde dehydrogenase. Purification and characterization of a third isozyme with low Km for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde. J Biol Chem. 1989 Mar 15;264(8):4715-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 5528
Enzyme 5 Name Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Enzyme 5 Synonyms
  1. Alpha-AASA dehydrogenase
  2. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenease
  3. P6c dehydrogenase
  4. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1
  5. Antiquitin-1
Enzyme 5 Gene Name ALDH7A1
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase 
MSTLLINQPQYAWLKELGLREENEGVYNGSWGGRGEVITTYCPANNEPIARVRQASVADY
EETVKKAREAWKIWADIPAPKRGEIVRQIGDALREKIQVLGSLVSLEMGKILVEGVGEVQ
EYVDICDYAVGLSRMIGGPILPSERSGHALIEQWNPVGLVGIITAFNFPVAVYGWNNAIA
MICGNVCLWKGAPTTSLISVAVTKIIAKVLEDNKLPGAICSLTCGGADIGTAMAKDERVN
LLSFTGSTQVGKQVGLMVQERFGRSLLELGGNNAIIAFEDADLSLVVPSALFAAVGTAGQ
RCTTARRLFIHESIHDEVVNRLKKAYAQIRVGNPWDPNVLYGPLHTKQAVSMFLGAVEEA
KKEGGTVVYGGKVMDRPGNYVEPTIVTGLGHDASIAHTETFAPILYVFKFKNEEEVFAWN
NEVKQGLSSSIFTKDLGRIFRWLGPKGSDCGIVNVNIPTSGAEIGGAFGGEKHTGGGRES
GSDAWKQYMRRSTCTINYSKDLPLAQGIKFQ
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 511
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 55367
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 6.86
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 5 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 5 Specific Function L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NAD(P)(+) + H(2)O = L-2-aminoadipate + NAD(P)H
Enzyme 5 Pathways
Enzyme 5 Reactions
  • L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NAD(P)H + H+
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 797410 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P49419 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL7A1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >1536 bp 
ATGTCCACTCTCCTCATCAATCAGCCCCAGTATGCGTGGCTGAAAGAGCTGGGGCTCCGC
GAGGAAAACGAGGGCGTGTATAATGGAAGCTGGGGAGGCCGGGGAGAGGTTATTACGACC
TATTGCCCCGCTAACAACGAGCCAATAGCAAGAGTCCGACAGGCCAGTGTGGCAGACTAT
GAAGAAACTGTAAAGAAAGCAAGAGAAGCATGGAAAATCTGGGCAGATATTCCTGCTCCA
AAACGAGGAGAAATAGTAAGACAGATTGGCGATGCCTTGCGGGAGAAGATCCAAGTACTA
GGAAGCTTGGTGTCTTTGGAGATGGGGAAAATCTTAGTGGAAGGTGTGGGTGAAGTTCAG
GAGTATGTGGATATCTGTGACTATGCTGTTGGTTTATCAAGGATGATTGGAGGACCTATC
TTGCCTTCTGAAAGATCTGGCCATGCACTGATTGAGCAGTGGAATCCCGTAGGCCTGGTT
GGAATCATCACGGCATTCAATTTCCCTGTGGCAGTGTATGGTTGGAACAACGCCATCGCC
ATGATCTGTGGAAATGTCTGCCTCTGGAAAGGAGCTCCAACCACTTCCCTCATTAGTGTG
GCTGTCACAAAGATAATAGCCAAGGTTCTGGAGGACAACAAGCTGCCTGGTGCAATTTGT
TCCTTGACTTGTGGTGGAGCAGATATTGGCACAGCAATGGCCAAAGATGAACGAGTGAAC
CTGCTGTCCTTCACTGGGAGCACTCAGGTGGGAAAACAGGTGGGCCTGATGGTGCAGGAG
AGGTTTGGGAGAAGTCTGTTGGAACTTGGAGGAAACAATGCCATTATTGCCTTTGAAGAT
GCAGACCTCAGCTTAGTTGTTCCATCAGCTCTCTTCGCTGCTGTGGGAACAGCTGGCCAG
AGGTGTACCACTGCGAGGCGACTGTTTATACATGAAAGCATCCATGATGAGGTTGTAAAC
AGACTTAAAAAGGCCTATGCACAGATCCGAGTTGGGAACCCATGGGACCCTAATGTTCTC
TATGGGCCACTCCACACCAAGCAGGCAGTGAGCATGTTTCTTGGAGCAGTGGAAGAAGCA
AAGAAAGAAGGTGGCACAGTGGTCTATGGGGGCAAGGTTATGGATCGCCCTGGAAATTAT
GTAGAACCGACAATTGTGACAGGTCTTGGCCACGATGCGTCCATTGCACACACAGAGACT
TTCGCTCCGATTCTCTATGTCTTTAAATTCAAGAATGAAGAAGAGGTCTTTGCATGGAAT
AATGAAGTAAAACAGGGACTTTCAAGTAGCATCTTTACCAAAGATCTGGGCAGAATCTTT
CGCTGGCTTGGACCTAAAGGATCAGACTGTGGCATTGTAAATGTCAACATTCCAACAAGT
GGGGCTGAGATTGGAGGTGCCTTTGGAGGAGAAAAGCACACTGGTGGTGGCAGGGAGTCT
GGCAGTGATGCCTGGAAACAGTACATGAGAAGGTCTACTTGTACTATCAACTACAGTAAA
GACCTTCCTCTGGCCCAAGGAATCAAGTTTCAGTAA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID S74728 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID ALDH7A1 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID ALDH7A1 Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:877 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 5 Locus 5q31
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References
  1. Lee P, Kuhl W, Gelbart T, Kamimura T, West C, Beutler E: Homology between a human protein and a protein of the green garden pea. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):371-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Skvorak AB, Robertson NG, Yin Y, Weremowicz S, Her H, Bieber FR, Beisel KW, Lynch ED, Beier DR, Morton CC: An ancient conserved gene expressed in the human inner ear: identification, expression analysis, and chromosomal mapping of human and mouse antiquitin (ATQ1). Genomics. 1997 Dec 1;46(2):191-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 5529
Enzyme 6 Name Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3
Enzyme 6 Synonyms
  1. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6
  2. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3
  3. RALDH-3
Enzyme 6 Gene Name ALDH1A3
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 
MATANGAVENGQPDRKPPALPRPIRNLEVKFTKIFINNEWHESKSGKKFATCNPSTREQI
CEVEEGDKPDVDKAVEAAQVAFQRGSPWRRLDALSRGRLLHQLADLVERDRATLAALETM
DTGKPFLHAFFIDLEGCIRTLRYFAGWADKIQGKTIPTDDNVVCFTRHEPIGVCGAITPW
NFPLLMLVWKLAPALCCGNTMVLKPAEQTPLTALYLGSLIKEAGFPPGVVNIVPGFGPTV
GAAISSHPQINKIAFTGSTEVGKLVKEAASRSNLKRVTLELGGKNPCIVCADADLDLAVE
CAHQGVFFNQGQCCTAASRVFVEEQVYSEFVRRSVEYAKKRPVGDPFDVKTEQGPQIDQK
QFDKILELIESGKKEGAKLECGGSAMEDKGLFIKPTVFSEVTDNMRIAKEEIFGPVQPIL
KFKSIEEVIKRANSTDYGLTAAVFTKNLDKALKLASALESGTVWINCYNALYAQAPFGGF
KMSGNGRELGEYALAEYTEVKTVTIKLGDKNP
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 512
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 56109
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 7.29
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 6 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system
Enzyme 6 Pathways
Enzyme 6 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein 544482 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P47895 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL1A3_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence >1539 bp 
ATGGCCACCGCTAACGGGGCCGTGGAAAACGGGCAGCCGGACGGGAAGCCGCCGGCCCTG
CCGCGCCCCATCCGCAACCTGGAGGTCAAGTTCACCAAGATATTTATCAACAATGAATGG
CACGAATCCAAGAGTGGGAAAAAGTTTGCTACATGTAACCCTTCAACTCGGGAGCAAATA
TGTGAAGTGGAAGAAGGAGATAAGCCCGACGTGGACAAGGCTGTGGAGGCTGCACAGGTT
GCCTTCCAGAGGGGCTCGCCATGGCGCCGGCTGGATGCCCTGAGTCGTGGGCGGCTGCTG
CACCAGCTGGCTGACCTGGTGGAGAGGGACCGCGCCACCTTGGCCGCCCTGGAGACGATG
GATACAGGGAAGCCATTTCTTCATGCTTTTTTCATCGACCTGGAGGGCTGTATTAGAACC
CTCAGATACTTTGCAGGGTGGGCAGACAAAATCCAGGGCAAGACCATCCCCACAGATGAC
AACGTCGTATGCTTCACCAGGCATGAGCCCATTGGTGTCTGTGGGGCCATCACTCCATGG
AACTTCCCCCTGCTGATGCTGGTGTGGAAGCTGGCACCCGCCCTCTGCTGTGGGAACACC
ATGGTCCTGAAGCCTGCGGAGCAGACACCTCTCACCGCCCTTTATCTCGGCTCTCTGATC
AAAGAGGCCGGGTTCCCTCCAGGAGTGGTGAACATTGTGCCAGGATTCGGGCCCACAGTG
GGAGCAGCAATTTCTTCTCACCCTCAGATCAACAAGATCGCCTTCACCGGCTCCACAGAG
GTTGGAAAACTGGTTAAAGAAGCTGCGTCCCGGAGCAATCTGAAGCGGGTGACGCTGGAG
CTGGGGGGGAAGAACCCCTGCATCGTGTGTGCGGACGCTGACTTGGACTTGGCAGTGGAG
TGTGCCCATCAGGGAGTGTTCTTCAACCAAGGCCAGTGTTGCACGGCAGCCTCCAGGGTG
TTCGTGGAGGAGCAGGTCTACTCTGAGTTTGTCAGGCGGAGCGTGGAGTATGCCAAGAAA
CGGCCCGTGGGAGACCCCTTCGATGTCAAAACAGAACAGGGGCCTCAGATTGATCAAAAG
CAGTTCGACAAAATCTTAGAGCTGATCGAGAGTGGGAAGAAGGAAGGGGCCAAGCTGGAA
TGCGGGGGCTCAGCCATGGAAGACAAGGGGCTCTTCATCAAACCCACTGTCTTCTCAGAA
GTCACAGACAACATGCGGATTGCCAAAGAGGAGATTTTCGGGCCAGTGCAACCAATACTG
AAGTTCAAAAGTATCGAAGAAGTGATAAAAAGAGCGAATAGCACCGACTATGGACTCACA
GCAGCCGTGTTCACAAAAAATCTCGACAAAGCCCTGAAGTTGGCTTCTGCCTTAGAGTCT
GGAACGGTCTGGATCAACTGCTACAACGCCCTCTATGCACAGGCTCCATTTGGTGGCTTT
AAAATGTCAGGAAATGGCAGAGAACTAGGTGAATACGCTTTGGCCGAATACACAGAAGTG
AAAACTGTCACCATCAAACTTGGCGACAAGAACCCCTGA
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID U07919 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID ALDH1A3 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID ALDH1A3 Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:409 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location 15
Enzyme 6 Locus 15q26.3
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References
  1. Hsu LC, Chang WC, Hiraoka L, Hsieh CL: Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of an additional human aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ALDH6. Genomics. 1994 Nov 15;24(2):333-41. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 5530
Enzyme 7 Name Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 7 Synonyms
  1. ALDH class 2
  2. ALDHI
  3. ALDH-E2
Enzyme 7 Gene Name ALDH2
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor 
MLRAAARFGPRLGRRLLSAAATQAVPAPNQQPEVFCNQIFINNEWHDAVSRKTFPTVNPS
TGEVICQVAEGDKEDVDKAVKAARAAFQLGSPWRRMDASHRGRLLNRLADLIERDRTYLA
ALETLDNGKPYVISYLVDLDMVLKCLRYYAGWADKYHGKTIPIDGDFFSYTRHEPVGVCG
QIIPWNFPLLMQAWKLGPALATGNVVVMKVAEQTPLTALYVANLIKEAGFPPGVVNIVPG
FGPTAGAAIASHEDVDKVAFTGSTEIGRVIQVAAGSSNLKRVTLELGGKSPNIIMSDADM
DWAVEQAHFALFFNQGQCCCAGSRTFVQEDIYDEFVERSVARAKSRVVGNPFDSKTEQGP
QVDETQFKKILGYINTGKQEGAKLLCGGGIAADRGYFIQPTVFGDVQDGMTIAKEEIFGP
VMQILKFKTIEEVVGRANNSTYGLAAAVFTKDLDKANYLSQALQAGTVWVNCYDVFGAQS
PFGGYKMSGSGRELGEYGLQAYTEVKTVTVKVPQKNS
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 517
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 56382
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 7.05
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 7 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 7 Specific Function An aldehyde + NAD(+) + H(2)O = an acid + NADH
Enzyme 7 Pathways
Enzyme 7 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • 1-24
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein 28606 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P05091 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ALDH2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID 1OF7 Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB File Show
Enzyme 7 3D Structure
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence >1551 bp 
ATGTTGCGCGCTGCCGCCGCTCGGGCCCCGCCTGGCCGCCGCCTCTTGTCAGCCGCCGCC
ACCCAGGCCGTGCCTGCCCCCAACCAGCAGCCCGAGGTCTTCTGCAACCAGATTTTCATA
AACAATGAATGGCACGATGCCGTCAGCAGGAAAACATTCCCCACCGTCAATCCGTCCACT
GGAGAGGTCATCTGTCAGGTAGCTGAAGGGGACAAGGAAGATGTGGACAAGGCACGTGAA
GGCCGCCCGGGCGCCTTCCAGCTGGGCTCACCTTGGCGCCGCATGGACGCATCACACAGC
GGCCGGCTGCTGAACCGCCTGGCCGATCTGATCGAGCGGGACCGGACCTACCTGGCGGCC
TTGGAGACCCTGGACAATGGCAAGCCCTATGTCATCTCCTACCTGGTGGATTTGGACATG
GTCCTCAAATGTCTCCGGTATTATGCCGGCTGGGCTGATAAGTACCACGGGAAAACCATC
CCCATTGACGGAGACTTCTTCAGCTACACACGCCATGAACCTGTGGGGGTGTGCGGGCAG
ATCATTCCGTGGAATTTCCCGCTCCTGATGCAAGCATGGAAGCTGGGCCCAGCCTTGGCA
ACTGGAAACGTGGTTGTGATGAAGGTAGCTGAGCAGACACCCCTCACCGCCCTCTATGTG
GCCAACCTGATCAAGGAGGCTGGCTTTCCCCCTGGTGTGGTCAACATTGTGCCTGGATTT
GGCCCCACGGCTGGGGCCGCCATTGCCTCCCATGAGGATGTGGACAAAGTGGCATTCACA
GGCTCCACTGAGATTGGCCGCGTAATCCAGGTTGCTGCTGGGAGCAGCAACCTCAAGAGA
GTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGGGGAAGAGCCCCAACATCATCATGTCAGATGCCGATATGGAT
TGGGCCGTGGAACAGGCCCACTTCGCCCTGTTCTTCAACCAGGGCCAGTGCTGCTGTGCC
GGCTCCCGGACCTTCGTGCAGGAGGACATCTATGATGAGTTTGTGGTGCGGAGCGTTGCC
CGGGCCAAGTCTCGGGTGGTCGGGAACCCCTTTGATAGCAAGACCGAGCAGGGGCCGCAG
GTGGATGAAACTCAGTTTAAGAAGATCCTCGGCTACATCAACACGGGGAAGCAAGAGGGG
GCGAAGCTGCTGTGTGGTGGGGGCATTGCTGCTGACCGTGGTTACTTCATCCAGCCCACT
GTGTTTGGAGATGTGCAGGATGGCATGACCATCGCCAAGGAGGAGATCTTCGGGCCAGTG
ATGCAGATCCTGAAGTTCAAGACCATAGAGGAGGTTGTTGGGAGAGCCAACAATTCCACG
TACGGGCTGGCCGCAGCTGTCTTCACAAAGGATTTGGACAAGGCCAATTACCTGTCCCAG
GCCCTCCAGGCGGGCACTGTGTGGGTCAACTGCTATGATGTGTTTGGAGCCCAGTCACCC
TTTGGTGGCTACAAGATGTCGGGGAGTGGCCGGGAGTTGGGCGAGTACGGGCTGCAGGCA
TACACTGAAGTGAAAACTGTCACAGTCAAAGTGCCTCAGAAGAACTCATAA
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID X05409 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID ALDH2 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID ALDH2 Link Image
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID HGNC:404 Link Image
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location 12
Enzyme 7 Locus 12q24.2
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References
  1. Braun T, Bober E, Singh S, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Evidence for a signal peptide at the amino-terminal end of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett. 1987 May 11;215(2):233-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Braun T, Bober E, Singh S, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Isolation and sequence analysis of a full length cDNA clone coding for human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 10;15(7):3179. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Hsu LC, Bendel RE, Yoshida A: Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Genomics. 1988 Jan;2(1):57-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Hempel J, Kaiser R, Jornvall H: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. Primary structure, differences in relation to the cytosolic enzyme, and functional correlations. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Nov 15;153(1):13-28. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Hsu LC, Tani K, Fujiyoshi T, Kurachi K, Yoshida A: Cloning of cDNAs for human aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3771-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Yoshida A, Ikawa M, Hsu LC, Tani K: Molecular abnormality and cDNA cloning of human aldehyde dehydrogenases. Alcohol. 1985 Jan-Feb;2(1):103-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes and alcohol sensitivity. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res. 1987;16:21-48. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Hempel J, Hoog JO, Jornvall H: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Homology of putative targeting sequence to that of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I revealed by correlation of cDNA and protein data. FEBS Lett. 1987 Sep 28;222(1):95-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Yoshida A, Huang IY, Ikawa M: Molecular abnormality of an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase variant commonly found in Orientals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(1):258-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Novoradovsky A, Tsai SJ, Goldfarb L, Peterson R, Long JC, Goldman D: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in Asian and American Indian populations: detection of new ALDH2 alleles. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995 Oct;19(5):1105-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Ni L, Zhou J, Hurley TD, Weiner H: Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: three-dimensional structure and the restoration of solubility and activity of chimeric forms. Protein Sci. 1999 Dec;8(12):2784-90. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 5531
Enzyme 8 Name Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase
Enzyme 8 Synonyms
  1. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, microsomal
  2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member A2
  3. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 10
Enzyme 8 Gene Name ALDH3A2
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 
MELEVRRVRQAFLSGRSRPLRFRLQQLEALRRMVQEREKDILTAIAADLCKSEFNVYSQE
VITVLGEIDFMLENLPEWVTAKPVKKNVLTMLDEAYIQPQPLGVVLIIGAWNYPFVLTIQ
PLIGAIAAGNAVIIKPSELSENTAKILAKLLPQYLDQDLYIVINGGVEETTELLKQRFDH
IFYTGNTAVGKIVMEAAAKHLTPVTLELGGKSPCYIDKDCDLDIVCRRITWGKYMNCGQT
CIAPDYILCEASLQNQIVWKIKETVKEFYGENIKESPDYERIINLRHFKRILSLLEGQKI
AFGGETDEATRYIAPTVLTDVDPKTKVMQEEIFGPILPIVPVKNVDEAINFINEREKPLA
LYVFSHNHKLIKRMIDETSSGGVTGNDVIMHFTLNSFPFGGVGSSGMGAYHGKHSFDTFS
HQRPCLLKSLKREGANKLRYPPNSQSKVDWGKFFLLKRFNKEKLGLLLLTFLGIVAAVLV
KAEYY
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 485
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 54849
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 7.99
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 8 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 8 Specific Function Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length
Enzyme 8 Pathways
Enzyme 8 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions
  • 464-480
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein 1082036 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P51648 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL3A2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence >1458 bp 
ATGGAGCTCGAAGTCCGGCGGGTCCGACAGGCGTTCCTGTCCGGCCGGTCGCGACCTCTG
CGGTTTCGGCTGCAGCAGCTGGAGGCCCTGCGGAGGATGGTGCAGGAGCGCGAGAAGGAT
ATCCTGACGGCCATCGCCGCCGACCTGTGCAAGAGTGAATTCAATGTGTACAGTCAGGAA
GTCATTACTGTCCTTGGGGAAATTGATTTTATGCTTGAGAATCTTCCTGAATGGGTTACT
GCTAAACCAGTTAAGAAGAACGTGCTCACCATGCTGGATGAGGCCTATATTCAGCCACAG
CCTCTGGGAGTGGTGCTGATAATCGGAGCTTGGAATTACCCCTTCGTTCTCACCATTCAG
CCACTGATAGGAGCCATCGCTGCAGGAAATGCTGTGATTATAAAGCCTTCTGAACTGAGT
GAAAATACAGCCAAGATCTTGGCAAAGCTTCTCCCTCAGTATTTAGACCAGGATCTCTAT
ATTGTTATTAATGGTGGTGTTGAGGAAACCACGGAGCTCCTGAAGCAGCGATTTGACCAC
ATTTTCTATACGGGAAACACTGCGGTTGGCAAAATTGTCATGGAAGCTGCTGCCAAGCAT
CTGACCCCTGTGACTCTTGAACTGGGAGGGAAAAGTCCATGTTATATTGATAAAGATTGT
GACCTGGACATTGTTTGCAGACGCATAACCTGGGGAAAATACATGAATTGTGGCCAAACC
TGCATTGCACCCGACTATATTCTCTGTGAAGCATCCCTCCAAAATCAAATTGTATGGAAG
ATTAAGGAAACAGTGAAGGAATTTTATGGAGAAAATATAAAAGAGTCTCCTGATTATGAA
AGGATCATCAATCTTCGTCATTTTAAGAGGATACTAAGTTTGCTTGAAGGACAAAAGATA
GCTTTTGGTGGGGAGACTGATGAGGCCACACGCTACATAGCCCCAACAGTACTTACCGAT
GTTGATCCTAAAACCAAGGTGATGCAAGAAGAAATTTTTGGACCAATTCTTCCAATAGTG
CCTGTGAAAAATGTAGATGAGGCCATAAATTTCATAAATGAACGTGAAAAGCCTCTGGCT
CTTTATGTATTTTCGCATAACCATAAGCTCATCAAACGGATGATTGATGAGACATCCAGT
GGAGGTGTCACAGGCAATGACGTCATTATGCACTTCACGCTCAACTCTTTCCCATTTGGA
GGAGTGGGTTCCAGTGGGATGGGAGCTTATCACGGAAAACATAGTTTTGATACTTTTTCT
CATCAGCGTCCCTGTTTATTAAAAAGTTTAAAGAGAGAAGGTGCTAACAAACTCAGATAT
CCTCCCAACAGCCAGTCAAAGGTGGATTGGGGGAAATTTTTTCTCTTGAAACGGTTCAAC
AAAGAAAAACTCGGTCTCCTGTTGCTCACTTTCCTGGGTATTGTAGCCGCTGTGCTTGTC
AAGGCAGAATATTACTGA
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID L47162 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID ALDH3A2 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID ALDH3A2 Link Image
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID HGNC:403 Link Image
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location 17
Enzyme 8 Locus 17p11.2
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References
  1. De Laurenzi V, Rogers GR, Hamrock DJ, Marekov LN, Steinert PM, Compton JG, Markova N, Rizzo WB: Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is caused by mutations in the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):52-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Rogers GR, Markova NG, De Laurenzi V, Rizzo WB, Compton JG: Genomic organization and expression of the human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FALDH). Genomics. 1997 Jan 15;39(2):127-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chang C, Yoshida A: Human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH10): organization and tissue-dependent expression. Genomics. 1997 Feb 15;40(1):80-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Sillen A, Jagell S, Wadelius C: A missense mutation in the FALDH gene identified in Sjogren-Larsson syndrome patients originating from the northern part of Sweden. Hum Genet. 1997 Aug;100(2):201-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Sillen A, Anton-Lamprecht I, Braun-Quentin C, Kraus CS, Sayli BS, Ayuso C, Jagell S, Kuster W, Wadelius C: Spectrum of mutations and sequence variants in the FALDH gene in patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(6):377-84. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 9 [top]
Enzyme 9 ID 5532
Enzyme 9 Name Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 9 Synonyms
  1. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member B1
  2. ALDH class 2
Enzyme 9 Gene Name ALDH1B1
Enzyme 9 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial precursor 
MLRFLAPRLLSLQGRTARYSSAAALPSPILNPDIPYNQLFINNEWQDAVSKKTFPTVNPT
TGEVIGHVAEGDRADVDRAVKAAREAFRLGSPWRRMDASERGRLLNLLADLVERDRVYLA
SLETLDNGKPFQESYALDLDEVIKVYRYFAGWADKWHGKTIPMDGQHFCFTRHEPVGVCG
QIIPWNFPLVMQGWKLAPALATGNTVVMKVAEQTPLSALYLASLIKEAGFPPGVVNIITG
YGPTAGAAIAQHMDVDKVAFTGSTEVGHLIQKAAGDSNLKRVTLELGGKSPSIVLADADM
EHAVEQCHEALFFNMGQCCCAGSRTFVEESIYNEFLERTVEKAKQRKVGNPFELDTQQGP
QVDKEQFERVLGYIQLGQKEGAKLLCGGERFGERGFFIKPTVFGGVQDDMRIAKEEIFGP
VQPLFKFKKIEEVVERANNTRYGLAAAVFTRDLDKAMYFTQALQAGTVWVNTYNIVTCHT
PFGGFKESGNGRELGEDGLKAYTEVKTVTIKVPQKNS
Enzyme 9 Number of Residues 517
Enzyme 9 Molecular Weight 57239
Enzyme 9 Theoretical pI 6.79
Enzyme 9 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 9 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 9 Specific Function ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation
Enzyme 9 Pathways
Enzyme 9 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+
Enzyme 9 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 9 Signals
  • 1-22
Enzyme 9 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 9 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenBank ID Protein 1263008 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P30837 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL1B1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 9 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 9 Gene Sequence >1554 bp 
ATGCTGCGCTTCCTGGCACCCCGGCTGCTTAGCCTCCAGGGCAGGACCGCCCTCTACTCC
TCGGCAGCAGCCCTCCCAAGCCCCATTCTGAACCCAGACATCCCCTACAACCAGCTGTTC
ATCAACAATGAATGGCAAGATGCAGTCAGCAAGAAGACCTTCCCGACGGTCAACCCTACC
ACCGGGGAGGTCATCGGGCACGTGGCTGAAGGTGACCGGGCTGATGTGGATCGGGCCGTG
AAAGCAGCCCGGGAAGCCTTCCGCCTGGGGTCCCCATGGCGCCGGATGGATGCCTCTGAG
CGGGGCCGGCTGCTGAACCTCCTGGCAGACCTAGTGGAGCGGGATCGAGTCTACTTGGCC
TCACTCGAGACCTTGGACAATGGGAAGCCTTTCCAAGAGTCTTACGCCTTGGACTTGGAT
GAGGTCATCAAGGTGTATCGGTACTTTGCTGGCTGGGCTGACAAGTGGCATGGCAAGACC
ATCCCCATGCATGGCCAGCATTTCTGCTTCACCCGGCATGAGCCCGTTGGTGTCTGTGGC
CAGATCATCCCGTGGAACTTCCCCTTGGTCATGCAGGGTTGGAAACTTGCCCCGGCACTC
GCCACAGGCAACACTGTGGTTATGAAGGTGGCAGAGCAGACCCCCCTCTCTGCCCTGTAT
TTGGCCTCCCTCATCAAGGAGGCAGGCTTTCCCCCTGGGGTGGTGAACATCATCACGGGG
TATGGCCCAACAGCAGGTGCGGCCATCGCCCAGCACATGGATGTTGACAAAGTTGCCTTC
ACCGGTTCCACCGAGGTGGGCCACCTGATCCAGAAAGCAGCTGGCGATTCCAACCTCAAG
AGAGTCACCCTGGAGCTGGGTGGTAAGAGCCCCAGCATCGTGCTGGCCGATGCTGACATG
GAGCATGCCGTGGAGCAGTGCCACGAAGCCCTGTTCTTCAACATGGGCCAGTGCTGCTGT
GCTGGCTCCCGGACCTTCGTGGAAGAATCCATCTACAATGAGTTTCTCGAGAGAACCGTG
GAGAAAGCAAAGCAGAGGAAAGTGGGGAACCCCTTTGAGCTGGACACCCAGCAGGGGCCT
CAGGTGGACAAGGAGCAGTTTGAACGAGTCCTAGGCTACATCCAGCTTGGCCAGAAGGAG
GGCGCAAAACTCCTCTGTGGCGGAGAGCGTTTCGGGGAGCGTGGTTTCTTCATCAAGCCT
ACTGTCTTTGGTGGCGTGCAGGATGACATGAGAATTGCCAAAGAGGAGATCTTTGGGCCT
GTGCAGCCCCTGTTCAAGTTCAAGAAGATTGAGGAGGTGGTTGAGAGGGCCAACAACACC
AGGTATGGCCTGGCTGCGGCTGTGTTCACCCGGGATCTGGACAAGGCCATGTACTTCACC
CAGGCACTCCAGGCCGGGACCGTGTGGGTAAACACCTACAACATCGTCACCTGCCACACG
CCATTTGGAGGGTTTAAGGAATCTGGAAACGGGAGGGAGCTGGGTGAGGATGGGCTTAAG
GCCTACACAGAGGTAAAGACGGTCACCATCAAGGTTCCTCAGAAGAACTCGTAA
Enzyme 9 GenBank Gene ID M63967 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GeneCard ID ALDH1B1 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GenAtlas ID ALDH1B1 Link Image
Enzyme 9 HGNC ID HGNC:407 Link Image
Enzyme 9 Chromosome Location 9
Enzyme 9 Locus 9p11.1
Enzyme 9 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 9 General References
  1. Hsu LC, Chang WC: Cloning and characterization of a new functional human aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jul 5;266(19):12257-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sherman D, Dave V, Hsu LC, Peters TJ, Yoshida A: Diverse polymorphism within a short coding region of the human aldehyde dehydrogenase-5 (ALDH5) gene. Hum Genet. 1993 Nov;92(5):477-80. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 9 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 10 [top]
Enzyme 10 ID 5618
Enzyme 10 Name Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 10 Synonyms
  1. Short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
  2. HCDH
  3. Medium and short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Enzyme 10 Gene Name HADH
Enzyme 10 Protein Sequence >Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor 
MAFVTRQFMRSVSSSSTASASAKKIIVKHVTVIGGGLMGAGIAQVAAATGHTVVLVDQTE
DILAKSKKGIEESLRKVAKKKFAENPKAGDEFVEKTLSTIATSTDAASVVHSTDLVVEAI
VENLKVKNELFKRLDKFAAEHTIFASNTSSLQITSIANATTRQDRFAGLHFFNPVPVMKL
VEVIKTPMTSQKTFESLVDFSKALGKHPVSCKDTPGFIVNRLLVPYLMEAIRLYERGDAS
KEDIDTAMKLGAGYPMGPFELLDYVGLDTTKFIVDGWHEMDAENPLHQPSPSLNKLVAEN
KFGKKTGEGFYKYK
Enzyme 10 Number of Residues 314
Enzyme 10 Molecular Weight 34278
Enzyme 10 Theoretical pI 9.41
Enzyme 10 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • carboxylic acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • organic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 10 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 10 Specific Function Plays an essential role in the mitochondrial beta- oxidation of short chain fatty acids. Exerts it highest activity toward 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
Enzyme 10 Pathways
Enzyme 10 Reactions
  • (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+
Enzyme 10 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 10 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 10 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 10 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 10 GenBank ID Protein 1483511 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q16836 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HCDH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 10 PDB ID 1F0Y Link Image
Enzyme 10 PDB File Show
Enzyme 10 3D Structure
Enzyme 10 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 10 Gene Sequence >945 bp 
ATGGCCTTCGTCACCAGGCAGTTCATGCGTTCCGTGTCCTCCTCGTCCACCGCCTCGGCC
TCGGCCAAGAAGATAATCGTCAAGCACGTGACGGTCATCGGCGGCGGGCTGATGGGCGCC
GGCATTGCCCAGGTTGCTGCAGCAACTGGTCACACAGTAGTGTTGGTAGACCAGACAGAG
GACATCCTGGCAAAATCCAAAAAGGGAATTGAGGAAAGCCTTAGGAAAGTGGCAAAGAAG
AAGTTTGCAGAAAACCCTAAGGCCGGCGATGAATTTGTGGAGAAGACCCTGAGCACCATA
GCGACCAGCACGGATGCAGCCTCCGTTGTCCACAGCACAGACTTGGTGGTGGAAGCCATC
GTGGAGAATCTGAAGGTGAAAAACGAGCTCTTCAAAAGGCTGGACAAGTTTGCTGCTGAA
CATACAATCTTTGCCAGCAACACTTCCTCCTTGCATATTACAAGCATAGCTAATGCCACC
ACCAGACAAGACCGATTCGCTGGCCTCCATTTCTTCAACCCAGTGCCTGTCATGAAACTT
GTGGAGGTCATTAAAACACCAATGACCAGCCAGAAGACATTTGAATCTTTGGTAGACTTT
AGCAAAGCCCTAGGAAAGCATCCTGTTTCTTGCAAGGACACTCCTGGGTTTATTGTGAAC
CGCCTCCTGGTTCCATACCTCATGGAAGCAATCAGGCTGTATGAACGAGGTGACGCATCC
AAAGAAGACATTGACACTGCTATGAAATTAGGAGCCGGTTACCCCATGGGCCCATTTGAG
CTTCTAGATTATGTCGGACTGGATACTACGAAGTTCATCGTGGATGGGTGGCATGAAATG
GATGCAGAGAACCCATTACATCAGCCCAGCCCATCCTTAAATAAGCTGGTAGCAGAGAAC
AAGTTCGGCAAGAAGACTGGAGAAGGATTTTACAAATACAAGTGA
Enzyme 10 GenBank Gene ID X96752 Link Image
Enzyme 10 GeneCard ID HADH Link Image
Enzyme 10 GenAtlas ID HADH Link Image
Enzyme 10 HGNC ID HGNC:4799 Link Image
Enzyme 10 Chromosome Location 4
Enzyme 10 Locus 4q22-q26
Enzyme 10 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 10 General References
  1. Vredendaal PJ, van den Berg IE, Malingre HE, Stroobants AK, Olde Weghuis DE, Berger R: Human short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: cloning and characterization of the coding sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jun 25;223(3):718-23. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Barycki JJ, O'Brien LK, Bratt JM, Zhang R, Sanishvili R, Strauss AW, Banaszak LJ: Biochemical characterization and crystal structure determination of human heart short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase provide insights into catalytic mechanism. Biochemistry. 1999 May 4;38(18):5786-98. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Barycki JJ, O'Brien LK, Strauss AW, Banaszak LJ: Sequestration of the active site by interdomain shifting. Crystallographic and spectroscopic evidence for distinct conformations of L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 1;275(35):27186-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 10 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 11 [top]
Enzyme 11 ID 5632
Enzyme 11 Name 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 11 Synonyms
  1. HIBADH
Enzyme 11 Gene Name HIBADH
Enzyme 11 Protein Sequence >3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor 
MAASLRLLGAASGLRYWSRRLRPAAGSFAAVCSRSVASKTPVGFIGLGNMGNPMAKNLMK
HGYPLIIYDVFPDACKEFQDAGEQVVSSPADVAEKADRIITMLPTSINAIEAYSGANGIL
KKVKKGSLLIDSSTIDPAVSKELAKEVEKMGAVFMDAPVSGGVGAARSGNLTFMVGGVED
EFAAAQELLGCMGSNVVYCGAVGTGQAAKICNNMLLAISMIGTAEAMNLGIRLGLDPKLL
AKILNMSSGRCWSSDTYNPVPGVMDGVPSANNYQGGFGTTLMAKDLGLAQDSATSTKSPI
LLGSLAHQIYRMMCAKGYSKKDFSSVFQFLREEETF
Enzyme 11 Number of Residues 336
Enzyme 11 Molecular Weight 35329
Enzyme 11 Theoretical pI 8.26
Enzyme 11 GO Classification
Function
  • 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity
  • NAD binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • coenzyme binding
  • cofactor binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
  • phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
  • phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Process
  • alcohol metabolism
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • glucose catabolism
  • glucose metabolism
  • hexose metabolism
  • metabolism
  • monosaccharide metabolism
  • pentose-phosphate shunt
  • physiological process
  • valine metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 11 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 11 Specific Function 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD(+) = 2- methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH
Enzyme 11 Pathways
  • Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 Link Image)
Enzyme 11 Reactions
  • 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
Enzyme 11 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 11 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 11 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 11 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 11 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P31937 Link Image
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name 3HIDH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 11 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 11 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 11 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 11 GenBank Gene ID AC007130 Link Image
Enzyme 11 GeneCard ID HIBADH Link Image
Enzyme 11 GenAtlas ID HIBADH Link Image
Enzyme 11 HGNC ID HGNC:4907 Link Image
Enzyme 11 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 11 Locus 7p15.2
Enzyme 11 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 11 General References
  1. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hughes GJ, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bairoch A, Appel RD, Hochstrasser DF: Human liver protein map: update 1993. Electrophoresis. 1993 Nov;14(11):1216-22. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 11 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 12 [top]
Enzyme 12 ID 5716
Enzyme 12 Name Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2
Enzyme 12 Synonyms
  1. MFE-2
  2. D-bifunctional protein
  3. DBP
  4. 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4
  5. 17-beta-HSD 4
  6. D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase
  7. 3-alpha,7- alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA hydratase
  8. 3- hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Enzyme 12 Gene Name HSD17B4
Enzyme 12 Protein Sequence >Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 
MGSPLRFDGRVVLVTGAGAGLGRAYALAFAERGALVVVNDLGGDFKGVGKGSLAADKVVE
EIRRRGGKAVANYDSVEEGEKVVKTALDAFGRIDVVVNNAGILRDRSFARISDEDWDIIH
RVHLRGSFQVTRAAWEHMKKQKYGRIIMTSSASGIYGNFGQANYSAAKLGLLGLANSLAI
EGRKSNIHCNTIAPNAGSRMTQTVMPEDLVEALKPEYVAPLVLWLCHESCEENGGLFEVG
AGWIGKLRWERTLGAIVRQKNHPMTPEAVKANWKKICDFENASKPQSIQESTGSIIEVLS
KIDSEGGVSANHTSRATSTATSGFAGAIGQKLPPFSYAYTELEAIMYALGVGASIKDPKD
LKFIYEGSSDFSCLPTFGVIIGQKSMMGGGLAEIPGLSINFAKVLHGEQYLELYKPLPRA
GKLKCEAVVADVLDKGSGVVIIMDVYSYSEKELICHNQFSLFLVGSGGFGGKRTSDKVKV
AVAIPNRPPDAVLTDTTSLNQAALYRLSGDWNPLHIDPNFASLAGFDKPILHGLCTFGFS
ARRVLQQFADNDVSRFKAIKARFAKPVYPGQTLQTEMWKEGNRIHFQTKVQETGDIVISN
AYVDLAPTSGTSAKTPSEGGKLQSTFVFEEIGRRLKDIGPEVVKKVNAVFEWHITKGGNI
GAKWTIDLKSGSGKVYQGPAKGAADTTIILSDEDFMEVVLGKLDPQKAFFSGRLKARGNI
MLSQKLQMILKDYAKL
Enzyme 12 Number of Residues 736
Enzyme 12 Molecular Weight 79687
Enzyme 12 Theoretical pI 9.21
Enzyme 12 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • steroid binding
  • sterol carrier activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 12 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 12 Specific Function Bifunctional enzyme acting on the peroxisomal beta- oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Catalyzes the formation of 3- ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl- branched-chain fatty acids
Enzyme 12 Pathways
Enzyme 12 Reactions
  • (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+
Enzyme 12 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 12 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 12 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 12 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 12 GenBank ID Protein 1050517 Link Image
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P51659 Link Image
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DHB4_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 12 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 12 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 12 Gene Sequence >2211 bp 
ATGGGCTCACCGCTGAGGTTCGACGGGCGGGTGGTACTGGTCACCGGCGCGGGGGCAGGA
TTGGGCCGAGCCTATGCCCTGGCTTTTGCAGAAAGAGGAGCGTTAGTTGTTGTGAATGAT
TTGGGAGGGGACTTCAAAGGAGTTGGTAAAGGCTCCTTAGCTGCTGATAAGGTTGTTGAA
GAAATAAGAAGGAGAGGTGGAAAAGCAGTGGCCAACTATGATTCAGTGGAAGAAGGAGAG
AAGGTTGTGAAGACAGCCCTGGATGCTTTTGGAAGAATAGATGTTGTGGTCAACAATGCT
GGAATTCTGAGGGATCGTTCCTTTGCTAGGATAAGTGATGAAGACTGGGATATAATCCAC
AGAGTTCATTTGCGGGGTTCATTCCAAGTGACACGGGCAGCATGGGAACACATGAAGAAA
CAGAAGTATGGAAGGATTATTATGACTTCATCAGCTTCAGGAATATATGGCAACTTTGGC
CAGGCCAATTATAGTGCTGCAAAGTTGGGTCTTCTGGGCCTTGCAAATTCTCTTGCAATT
GAAGGCAGGAAAAGCAACATTCATTGTAACACCATTGCTCCTAATGCGGGATCACGGATG
ACTCAGACAGTTATGCCTGAAGATCTTGTGGAAGCCCTGAAGCCAGAGTATGTGGCACCT
CTTGTCCTTTGGCTTTGTCACGAGAGTTGTGAGGAGAATGGTGGCTTGTTTGAGGTTGGA
GCAGGATGGATTGGAAAATTACGCTGGGAGCGGACTCTTGGAGCTATTGTAAGACAAAAG
AATCACCCAATGACTCCTGAGGCAGTCAAGGCTAACTGGAAGAAGATCTGTGACTTTGAG
AATGCCAGCAAGCCTCAGAGTATCCAAGAATCAACTGGCAGTATAATTGAAGTTCTGAGT
AAAATAGATTCAGAAGGAGGAGTTTCAGCAAATCATACTAGTCGTGCAACGTCTACAGCA
ACATCAGGATTTGCTGGAGCTATTGGCCAGAAACTCCCTCCATTTTCTTATGCTTATACG
GAACTGGAAGCTATTATGTATGCCCTTGGAGTGGGAGCGTCAATCAAGGATCCAAAAGAT
TTGAAATTTATTTATGAAGGAAGTTCTGATTTCTCCTGTTTGCCCACCTTCGGAGTTATC
ATAGGTCAGAAATCTATGATGGGTGGAGGATTAGCAGAAATTCCTGGACTTTCAATCAAC
TTTGCAAAGGTTCTTCATGGAGAGCAGTACTTAGAGTTATATAAACCACTTCCCAGAGCA
GGAAAATTAAAATGTGAAGCAGTTGTTGCTGATGTCCTAGATAAAGGATCCGGTGTAGTG
ATTATTATGGATGTCTATTCTTATTCTGAGAAGGAACTTATATGCCACAATCAGTTCTCT
CTCTTTCTTGTTGGCTCTGGAGGCTTTGGTGGAAAACGGACATCAGACAAAGTCAAGGTA
GCTGTAGCCATACCTAATAGACCTCCTGATGCTGTACTTACAGATACCACCTCTCTTAAT
CAGGCTGCTTTGTACCGCCTCAGTGGAGACTGGAATCCCTTACACATTGATCCTAACTTT
GCTAGTCTAGCAGGTTTTGACAAGCCCATATTACATGGATTATGTACATTTGGATTTTCT
GCCAGGCGTGTGTTACAGCAGTTTGCAGATAATGATGTGTCAAGATTCAAGGCAATTAAG
GCTCGTTTTGCAAAACCAGTATATCCAGGACAAACTCTACAAACTGAGATGTGGAAGGAA
GGAAACAGAATTCATTTTCAAACCAAGGTCCAAGAAACTGGAGACATTGTCATTTCAAAT
GCATATGTGGATCTTGCACCAACATCTGGTACTTCAGCTAAGACACCCTCTGAGGGCGGG
AAGCTTCAGAGTACCTTTGTATTTGAGGAAATAGGACGCCGCCTAAAGGATATTGGGCCT
GAGGTGGTGAAGAAAGTAAATGCTGTATTTGAGTGGCATATAACCAAAGGCGGAAATATT
GGGGCTAAGTGGACTATTGACCTGAAAAGTGGTTCTGGAAAAGTGTACCAAGGCCCTGCA
AAAGGTGCTGCTGATACAACAATCATACTTTCAGATGAAGATTTCATGGAGGTGGTCCTG
GGCAAGCTTGACCCTCAGAAGGCATTCTTTAGTGGCAGGCTGAAGGCCAGAGGGAACATC
ATGCTGAGCCAGAAACTTCAGATGATTCTTAAAGACTACGCCAAGCTCTGA
Enzyme 12 GenBank Gene ID X87176 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GeneCard ID HSD17B4 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GenAtlas ID HSD17B4 Link Image
Enzyme 12 HGNC ID HGNC:5213 Link Image
Enzyme 12 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 12 Locus 5q21
Enzyme 12 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 12 General References
  1. Adamski J, Normand T, Leenders F, Monte D, Begue A, Stehelin D, Jungblut PW, de Launoit Y: Molecular cloning of a novel widely expressed human 80 kDa 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase IV. Biochem J. 1995 Oct 15;311 ( Pt 2):437-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Jiang LL, Miyazawa S, Souri M, Hashimoto T: Structure of D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional protein. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1997 Feb;121(2):364-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Leenders F, Dolez V, Begue A, Moller G, Gloeckner JC, de Launoit Y, Adamski J: Structure of the gene for the human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV. Mamm Genome. 1998 Dec;9(12):1036-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Jiang LL, Kobayashi A, Matsuura H, Fukushima H, Hashimoto T: Purification and properties of human D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase: medium-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase is D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1996 Sep;120(3):624-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Haapalainen AM, van Aalten DM, Merilainen G, Jalonen JE, Pirila P, Wierenga RK, Hiltunen JK, Glumoff T: Crystal structure of the liganded SCP-2-like domain of human peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 at 1.75 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 2001 Nov 9;313(5):1127-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 12 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 13 [top]
Enzyme 13 ID 8815
Enzyme 13 Name Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, type II
Enzyme 13 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 13 Gene Name HADH2
Enzyme 13 Protein Sequence >Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, type II 
MAAACRSVKGLVAVITGGASGLGLATAERLVGQGASAVLLDLPNSGGEAQAKKLGNNCVF
APADVTSEKDVQTALALAKGKFGRVDVAVNCAGIAVASKTYNLKKGQTHTLEDFQRVLDV
NLMGTFNVIRLVAGEMGQNEPDQGGQRGVIINTASVAAFEGQVGQAAYSASKGGIVGMTL
PIARDLAPIGLFGTPLLTSLPEKVCNFLASQVPFPSRLGDPAEYAHLVQAIIENPFLNGE
VIRLDGAIRMQP
Enzyme 13 Number of Residues 252
Enzyme 13 Molecular Weight 25984
Enzyme 13 Theoretical pI 7.29
Enzyme 13 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 13 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 13 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 13 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 13 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 13 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 13 Signals
  • 1-27
Enzyme 13 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 13 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 13 GenBank ID Protein 57210025 Link Image
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q5H927 Link Image
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q5H927_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 13 PDB ID 1SO8 Link Image
Enzyme 13 PDB File Show
Enzyme 13 3D Structure
Enzyme 13 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 13 Gene Sequence >759 bp 
ATGGCAGCAGCGTGTCGGAGCGTGAAGGGCCTGGTGGCGGTAATAACCGGAGGAGCCTCG
GGCCTGGGCCTGGCCACGGCGGAGCGACTTGTGGGGCAGGGAGCCTCTGCTGTGCTTCTG
GACCTGCCCAACTCGGGTGGGGAGGCCCAAGCCAAGAAGTTAGGAAACAACTGCGTTTTC
GCCCCAGCCGACGTGACCTCTGAGAAGGATGTGCAAACAGCTCTGGCTCTAGCAAAAGGA
AAGTTTGGCCGTGTGGATGTAGCTGTCAACTGTGCAGGCATCGCGGTGGCTAGCAAGACG
TACAACTTAAAGAAGGGCCAGACCCATACCTTGGAAGACTTCCAGCGAGTTCTTGATGTG
AATCTCATGGGCACCTTCAATGTGATCCGCCTGGTGGCTGGTGAGATGGGCCAGAATGAA
CCAGACCAGGGAGGCCAACGTGGGGTCATCATCAACACTGCCAGTGTGGCTGCCTTCGAG
GGTCAGGTTGGACAAGCTGCATACTCTGCTTCCAAGGGGGGAATAGTGGGCATGACACTG
CCCATTGCTCGGGATCTGGCTCCCATAGGTCTGTTTGGCACCCCACTGCTGACCAGCCTC
CCAGAGAAAGTGTGCAACTTCTTGGCCAGCCAAGTGCCCTTCCCTAGCCGACTGGGTGAC
CCTGCTGAGTATGCTCACCTCGTACAGGCCATCATCGAGAACCCATTCCTCAATGGAGAG
GTCATCCGGCTGGATGGGGCCATTCGTATGCAGCCTTGA
Enzyme 13 GenBank Gene ID Z97054 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GeneCard ID HADH2 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GenAtlas ID HADH2 Link Image
Enzyme 13 HGNC ID HGNC:4800 Link Image
Enzyme 13 Chromosome Location X
Enzyme 13 Locus Xp11.2
Enzyme 13 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 13 General References Not Available
Enzyme 13 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 14 [top]
Enzyme 14 ID 13010
Enzyme 14 Name Enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Enzyme 14 Synonyms
  1. Enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, isoform CRA_b
  2. Enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase variant
Enzyme 14 Gene Name EHHADH
Enzyme 14 Protein Sequence >Enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase 
MAEYTRLHNALALIRLRNPPVNAISTTLLRDIKEGLQKAVIDHTIKAIVICGAEGKFSAG
ADIRGFSAPRTFGLTLGHVVDEIQRNEKPVVAAIQGMAFGGGLELALGCHYRIAHAEAQV
GLPEVTLGLLPGARGTQLLPRLTGVPAALDLITSGRRILADEALKLGILDKVVNSDPVEE
AIRFAQRVSDQPLESRRLCNKPIQSLPNMDSIFSEALLKMRRQHPGCLAQEACVRAVQAA
VQYPYEVGIKKEEELFLYLLQSGQARALQYAFFAERKANKWSTPSGASWKTASARPVSSV
GVVGLGTMGRGIVISFARARIPVIAVDSDKNQLATANKMITSVLEKEASKMQQSGHPWSG
PKPRLTSSVKELGGVDLVIEAVFEEMSLKKQVFAELSAVCKPEAFLCTNTSALDVDEIAS
STDRPHLVIGTHFFSPAHVMKLLEVIPSQYSSPTTIATVMNLSKKIKKIGVVVGNCFGFV
GNRMLNPYYNQAYFLLEEGSKPEEVDQVLEEFGFKMGPFRVSDLAGLDVGWKSRKGQGLT
GPTLLPGTPARKRGNRRYCPIPDVLCELGRFGQKTGKGWYQYDKPLGRIHKPDPWLSKFL
SRYRKTHHIEPRTISQDEILERCLYSLINEAFRILGEGIAASPEHIDVVYLHGYGWPRHK
GGPMFYASTVGLPTVLEKLQKYYRQNPDIPQLEPSDYLKKLASQGNPPLKEWQSLAGSPS
SKL
Enzyme 14 Number of Residues 723
Enzyme 14 Molecular Weight 79496
Enzyme 14 Theoretical pI 9.54
Enzyme 14 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • carboxylic acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • organic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 14 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 14 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 14 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 14 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 14 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 14 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 14 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 14 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 14 GenBank ID Protein 62021246 Link Image
Enzyme 14 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q58EZ5 Link Image
Enzyme 14 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q58EZ5_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 14 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 14 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 14 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 14 GenBank Gene ID BC038948 Link Image
Enzyme 14 GeneCard ID Q58EZ5 Link Image
Enzyme 14 GenAtlas ID EHHADH Link Image
Enzyme 14 HGNC ID HGNC:3247 Link Image
Enzyme 14 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 14 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 14 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 14 General References
  1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Maruyama K, Sugano S: Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. Gene. 1994 Jan 28;138(1-2):171-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S: Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. Gene. 1997 Oct 24;200(1-2):149-56. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 14 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 15 [top]
Enzyme 15 ID 16697
Enzyme 15 Name cDNA, FLJ92720, Homo sapiens aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1 (ALDH6A1),nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1, isoform CRA_b)
Enzyme 15 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 15 Gene Name ALDH6A1
Enzyme 15 Protein Sequence >cDNA, FLJ92720, Homo sapiens aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1 (ALDH6A1),nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1, isoform CRA_b) 
MAALLAAAAVRARILQVSSKVKSSPTWYSASSFSSSVPTVKLFIGGKFVESKSDKWIDIH
NPATNEVIGRVPQATKAEMDAAIASCKRAFPAWADTSVLSRQQVLLRYQQLIKENLKEIA
KLITLEQGKTLADAEGDVFRGLQVVEHACSVTSLMMGETMPSITKDMDLYSYRLPLGVCA
GIAPFNFPAMIPLWMFPMAMVCGNTFLMKPSERVPGATMLLAKLLQDSGAPDGTLNIIHG
QHEAVNFICDHPDIKAISFVGSNKAGEYIFERGSRHGKRVQANMGAKNHGVVMPDANKEN
TLNQLVGAAFGAAGQRCMALSTAVLVGEAKKWLPELVEHAKNLRVNAGDQPGADLGPLIT
PQAKERVCNLIDSGTKEGASILLDGRKIKVKGYENGNFVGPTIISNVKPNMTCYKEEIFG
PVLVVLETETLDEAIQIVNNNPYGNGTAIFTTNGATARKYAHLVDVGQVGVNVPIPVPLP
MFSFTGSRSSFRGDTNFYGKQGIQFYTQLKTITSQWKEEDATLSSPAVVMPTMGR
Enzyme 15 Number of Residues 535
Enzyme 15 Molecular Weight 57840
Enzyme 15 Theoretical pI 8.69
Enzyme 15 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • valine metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 15 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 15 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 15 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 15 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 15 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 15 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 15 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 15 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 15 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 15 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B2R609 Link Image
Enzyme 15 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B2R609_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 15 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 15 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 15 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 15 GenBank Gene ID AK312389 Link Image
Enzyme 15 GeneCard ID B2R609 Link Image
Enzyme 15 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 15 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 15 Chromosome Location 14
Enzyme 15 Locus 14q24.3
Enzyme 15 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 15 General References Not Available
Enzyme 15 Metabolite References Not Available