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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione (HMDB03759)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2006-08-13 05:25:20
Update Date 2009-05-25 15:31:36
Accession Number HMDB03759
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione
Description A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma progesterone. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (allopregnanolone), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) receptor.
Synonyms
  1. 3,20-Allopregnanedione
  2. 3,20-Dioxo-5a-pregnane
  3. 3,20-Dioxo-5alpha-pregnane
  4. 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone
  5. 5-alpha-Pregnane-3,20-dione
  6. 5a-Dihydroprogesterone
  7. 5a-Pregnan-3,20-dione
  8. 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione
  9. 5alpha-Dihydroprogesterone
  10. 5alpha-Pregnane-3,20-dione
  11. 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione
  12. 5b-Pregnane-3,20-dione
  13. 5beta-Pregnane-3,20-dione
  14. Allopregnan-3,20-dione
  15. Pregnane-3,20-dione
Chemical IUPAC Name (5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17S)-17-acetyl-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Chemical Formula C21H32O2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Cholesterols and derivatives
Class
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
Sub Class
  • Ketosteroids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • ketone
Biofunction
  • Hormones, Membrane component
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 316.478
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 316.240234
Isomeric SMILES CC(=O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC[C@H]4CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12C
Canonical SMILES CC(=O)C1CCC2C3CCC4CC(=O)CCC4(C)C3CCC12C
KEGG Compound ID C03681 Link Image
BioCyc ID CPD-293 Link Image
BiGG ID Not Available
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB03759 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB03759 Link Image
METLIN ID 6981 Link Image
PubChem Compound 92810 Link Image
PubChem Substance 10225593 Link Image
ChEBI ID 28952 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 566-65-4
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C21H32O2/c1-13(22)17-6-7-18-16-5-4-14-12-15(23)8-10-20(14,2)19(16)9-11-21(17,18)3/h14,16-19H,4-12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16-,17+,18-,19-,20-,21+/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Valenta, Zdenek. Steroid total synthesis and intermediates. U.S. (1975), 14 pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) 200 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 0.00184 mg/mL at 25 oC [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 1.29e-03 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 4.06 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; 4.4 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; 3.46 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Membrane (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Fibroblasts —
Testes —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.055 +/- 0.025 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Nieminen LR, Makino KK, Mehta N, Virkkunen M, Kim HY, Hibbeln JR: Relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and plasma neuroactive steroids in alcoholism, depression and controls. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):309-14. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0171 +/- 0.0056 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information 26–28 wk pregnancy
Comments Not Available
References
  • Pearson Murphy BE, Steinberg SI, Hu FY, Allison CM: Neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites of progesterone in human plasma during pregnancy: elevated levels of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in depressed patients during the latter half of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5981-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.042 +/- 0.025 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Major depressive disorder Alcoholism
Comments Not Available
References
  • Nieminen LR, Makino KK, Mehta N, Virkkunen M, Kim HY, Hibbeln JR: Relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and plasma neuroactive steroids in alcoholism, depression and controls. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):309-14. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0239 +/- 0.0084 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Condition Prepartum depression
Comments 26–28 weeks pregnant with depression
References
  • Pearson Murphy BE, Steinberg SI, Hu FY, Allison CM: Neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites of progesterone in human plasma during pregnancy: elevated levels of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in depressed patients during the latter half of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5981-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Alcoholism
  • Nieminen LR, Makino KK, Mehta N, Virkkunen M, Kim HY, Hibbeln JR: Relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and plasma neuroactive steroids in alcoholism, depression and controls. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):309-14. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed Link Image]
Major depressive disorder
  • Nieminen LR, Makino KK, Mehta N, Virkkunen M, Kim HY, Hibbeln JR: Relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and plasma neuroactive steroids in alcoholism, depression and controls. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):309-14. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed Link Image]
Prepartum depression
  • Pearson Murphy BE, Steinberg SI, Hu FY, Allison CM: Neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites of progesterone in human plasma during pregnancy: elevated levels of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in depressed patients during the latter half of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5981-7. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Steroidogenesis SMP00130 Link Image map00140 Link Image
General References
  1. Kwan TK, Kraevskaya MA, Makin HL, Trafford DJ, Gower DB: Use of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques in studies of androst-16-ene and androgen biosynthesis in human testis; cytosolic specific binding of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Jan;60(1-2):137-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zhang J, Ming LJ, Sjovall J, Cook HW, Ridgway ND, Byers DM: Progesterone metabolism in human fibroblasts is independent of P-glycoprotein levels and Niemann-Pick type C disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Sep-Oct;70(4-6):123-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sandow J, Engelbart K, von Rechenberg W: The different mechanisms for suppression of pituitary and testicular function. Med Biol. 1986;63(5-6):192-200. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Jarczok T, Zwirner M, Schindler AE: Progesterone and 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in human amniotic fluid. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1987 Mar;89(1):39-47. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gomez-Sanchez EP, Cox D, Foecking M, Ganjam V, Gomez-Sanchez CE: 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 and their inhibition by glycyrrhetinic acid and other natural substances. Steroids. 1996 Mar;61(3):110-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Pearson Murphy BE, Steinberg SI, Hu FY, Allison CM: Neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites of progesterone in human plasma during pregnancy: elevated levels of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in depressed patients during the latter half of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5981-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chantilis S, Dombroski R, Shackleton CH, Casey ML, MacDonald PC: Metabolism of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in women and men: 3 beta- and 3 alpha-,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-ones are major urinary metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3644-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Zwirner M, Fawzy MM, Bopp FC, Klemm-Wolfgram E, Handschuh D, Voelter W, Schindler AE: Radioimmunoassay of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione. A metabolite of placental progesterone. Arch Gynecol. 1983;233(4):229-40. [PubMed Link Image]
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
  2. 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5303
Enzyme 1 Name Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. Chlordecone reductase
  2. CDR
  3. 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I
  4. 3-alpha-HSD1
  5. Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4
  6. DD4
  7. HAKRA
Enzyme 1 Gene Name AKR1C4
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 
MDPKYQRVELNDGHFMPVLGFGTYAPPEVPRNRAVEVTKLAIEAGFRHIDSAYLYNNEEQ
VGLAIRSKIADGSVKREDIFYTSKLWCTFFQPQMVQPALESSLKKLQLDYVDLYLLHFPM
ALKPGETPLPKDENGKVIFDTVDLSATWEVMEKCKDAGLAKSIGVSNFNCRQLEMILNKP
GLKYKPVCNQVECHPYLNQSKLLDFCKSKDIVLVAHSALGTQRHKLWVDPNSPVLLEDPV
LCALAKKHKRTPALIALRYQLQRGVVVLAKSYNEQRIRENIQVFEFQLTSEDMKVLDGLN
RNYRYVVMDFLMDHPDYPFSDEY
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 323
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 37095
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.19
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha- androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20- alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant reduction of its neurotoxicity since bile is the major excretory route
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • chlordecone alcohol + NADP+ = chlordecone + NADPH + H+
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 4261710 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P17516 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AK1C4_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >972 bp 
ATGGATCCCAAATATCAGCGTGTAGAGCTAAATGATGGTCATTTCATGCCCGTATTGGGA
TTTGGCACCTATGCACCTCCAGAGGTTCCGAGGAACAGAGCTGTAGAGGTCACCAAATTA
GCAATAGAAGCTGGCTTCCGCCATATTGATTCTGCTTATTTATACAATAATGAGGAGCAG
GTTGGACTGGCCATCCGAAGCAAGATTGCAGATGGCAGTGTGAAGAGAGAAGACATATTC
TACACTTCAAAGCTTTGGTGCACTTTCTTTCAACCACAGATGGTCCAACCAGCCTTGGAA
AGCTCACTGAAAAAACTTCAACTGGACTATGTTGACCTCTATCTTCTTCATTTCCCAATG
GCTCTCAAGCCAGGTGAGACGCCACTACCAAAAGATGAAAATGGAAAAGTAATATTCGAC
ACAGTGGATCTCTCTGCCACATGGGAGGTCATGGAGAAGTGTAAGGATGCAGGATTGGCC
AAGTCCATCGGGGTGTCAAACTTCAACTGCAGGCAGCTGGAGATGATCCTCAACAAGCCA
GGACTCAAGTACAAGCCTGTCTGCAACCAGGTAGAATGTCATCCTTACCTCAACCAGAGC
AAACTGCTGGATTTCTGCAAGTCAAAAGACATTGTTCTGGTTGCCCACAGTGCTCTGGGA
ACCCAACGACATAAACTATGGGTGGACCCAAACTCCCCAGTTCTTTTGGAGGACCCAGTT
CTTTGTGCCTTAGCAAAGAAACACAAACGAACCCCAGCCCTGATTGCCCTGCGCTACCAG
CTGCAGCGTGGGGTTGTGGTCCTGGCCAAGAGCTACAATGAGCAGCGGATCAGAGAGAAC
ATCCAGGTTTTTGAATTCCAGTTGACATCAGAGGATATGAAAGTTCTAGATGGTCTAAAC
AGAAATTATCGATATGTTGTCATGGATTTTCTTATGGACCATCCTGATTATCCATTTTCA
GATGAATATTAG
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID S68287 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID AKR1C4 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID AKR1C4 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:387 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 10
Enzyme 1 Locus 10p15-p14
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Qin KN, New MI, Cheng KC: Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Dec;46(6):673-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Khanna M, Qin KN, Wang RW, Cheng KC: Substrate specificity, gene structure, and tissue-specific distribution of multiple human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 25;270(34):20162-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Khanna M, Qin KN, Cheng KC: Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Jun;53(1-6):41-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Kume T, Iwasa H, Shiraishi H, Yokoi T, Nagashima K, Otsuka M, Terada T, Takagi T, Hara A, Kamataki T: Characterization of a novel variant (S145C/L311V) of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in human liver. Pharmacogenetics. 1999 Dec;9(6):763-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Nishizawa M, Nakajima T, Yasuda K, Kanzaki H, Sasaguri Y, Watanabe K, Ito S: Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes. Genes Cells. 2000 Feb;5(2):111-25. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Dufort I, Labrie F, Luu-The V: Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):841-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Winters CJ, Molowa DT, Guzelian PS: Isolation and characterization of cloned cDNAs encoding human liver chlordecone reductase. Biochemistry. 1990 Jan 30;29(4):1080-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Deyashiki Y, Ogasawara A, Nakayama T, Nakanishi M, Miyabe Y, Sato K, Hara A: Molecular cloning of two human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes that are identical with chlordecone reductase and bile-acid binder. Biochem J. 1994 Apr 15;299 ( Pt 2):545-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Binstock JM, Iyer RB, Hamby CV, Fried VA, Schwartz IS, Weinstein BI, Southren AL: Human hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: possible identity with human hepatic chlordecone reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Sep 16;187(2):760-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5822
Enzyme 2 Name 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Delta(4-3- ketosteroid 5-beta-reductase
  2. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1
Enzyme 2 Gene Name AKR1D1
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 
MDLSAASHRIPLSDGNSIPIIGLGTYSEPKSTPKGACATSVKVAIDTGYRHIDGAYIYQN
EHEVGEAIREKIAEGKVRREDIFYCGKLWATNHVPEMVRPTLERTLRVLQLDYVDLYIIE
VPMAFKPGDEIYPRDENGKWLYHKSNLCATWEAMEACKDAGLVKSLGVSNFNRRQLELIL
NKPGLKHKPVSNQVECHPYFTQPKLLKFCQQHDIVITAYSPLGTSRNPIWVNVSSPPLLK
DALLNSLGKRYNKTAAQIVLRFNIQRGVVVIPKSFNLERIKENFQIFDFSLTEEEMKDIE
ALNKNVRFVELLMWRDHPEYPFHDEY
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 326
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 37377
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 7.58
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7- alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7-alpha-hydroxy-4- cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • 4,5beta-dihydrocortisone + NADP+ = cortisone + NADPH + H+
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 431857 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P51857 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AK1D1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >981 bp 
ATGGATCTCAGTGCTGCAAGTCACCGCATACCTCTAAGTGATGGAAACAGCATTCCCATC
ATCGGACTTGGTACCTACTCAGAACCTAAATCGACCCCTAAGGGAGCCTGTGCAACATCG
GTGAAGGTTGCTATTGACACAGGGTACCGACATATTGATGGGGCCTACATCTACCAAAAT
GAACACGAAGTTGGGGAGGCCATCAGGGAGAAGATAGCAGAAGGAAAGGTGCGGAGGGAA
GATATCTTCTACTGTGGAAAGCTATGGGCTACAAATCATGTCCCAGAGATGGTCCGCCCA
ACCCTGGAGAGGACACTCAGGGTCCTCCAGCTAGATTATGTGGATCTTTACATCATTGAA
GTACCCATGGCCTTTAAGCCAGGAGATGAAATATACCCTAGAGATGAGAATGGCAAATGG
TTATATCACAAGTCAAATCTGTGTGCCACTTGGGAGGCGATGGAAGCTTGCAAAGACGCT
GGCTTGGTGAAATCCCTGGGAGTGTCCAATTTTAACCGCAGGCAGCTGGAGCTCATCCTG
AACAAGCCAGGACTCAAACACAAGCCAGTCAGCAACCAGGTTGAGTGCCATCCGTATTTC
ACCCAGCCAAAACTCTTGAAATTTTGCCAACAACATGACATTGTCATTACTGCATATAGC
CCTTTGGGGACCAGTAGGAATCCAATCTGGGTGAATGTTTCTTCTCCACCTTTGTTAAAG
GATGCACTTCTAAACTCATTGGGGAAAAGGTACAATAAGACAGCAGCTCAAATTGTTTTG
CGTTTCAACATCCAGCGAGGGGTGGTTGTCATTCCTAAAAGCTTTAATCTTGAAAGGATC
AAAGAAAATTTTCAGATCTTTGACTTTTCTCTCACTGAAGAAGAAATGAAGGACATTGAA
GCCTTGAATAAAAATGTCCGCTTTGTAGAATTGCTCATGTGGCGCGATCATCCTGAATAC
CCATTTCATGATGAATACTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID Z28339 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID AKR1D1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID AKR1D1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:388 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 2 Locus 7q32-q33
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Kondo KH, Kai MH, Setoguchi Y, Eggertsen G, Sjoblom P, Setoguchi T, Okuda KI, Bjorkhem I: Cloning and expression of cDNA of human delta 4-3-oxosteroid 5 beta-reductase and substrate specificity of the expressed enzyme. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Jan 15;219(1-2):357-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Charbonneau A, The VL: Genomic organization of a human 5beta-reductase and its pseudogene and substrate selectivity of the expressed enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jan 26;1517(2):228-35. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available