1. (+/-)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid
2. (+/-)-3-Aminoisobutyric acid
3. (+/-)-b-Aminoisobutyric acid
4. 2-Methyl-b-alanine
5. 3-Aminoisobutanoate
6. DL-2-Methyl-b-alanine
7. DL-3-Amino-2-methylpropionic acid
8. a-Methyl-b-alanine
9. b-Aminoisobutyric acid
10. (+/-)-beta-Aminoisobutyric acid
11. DL-beta-Aminoisobutyric acid
12. 2-Methyl-beta-alanine
13. DL-2-Methyl-beta-alanine
14. alpha-Methyl-beta-alanine
15. beta-Aminoisobutyric acid
16. (+/-)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate
17. 3-Aminoisobutanoic acid

• Show PDF/HTML

• Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)

• Blood
• Urine

1. Jin LJ, Wang Y, Xu R, Go ML, Lee HK, Li SF: Chiral resolution of atropine, homatropine and eight synthetic tropinyl and piperidinyl esters by capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrin additives. Electrophoresis. 1999 Jan;20(1):198-203. [PubMed ]
2. LeBlanc J: Nutritional implications of cephalic phase thermogenic responses. Appetite. 2000 Apr;34(2):214-6. [PubMed ]
3. Takeda H, Yamazaki Y, Akahane M, Igawa Y, Ajisawa Y, Nishizawa O: Role of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor in urine storage in the rat: comparison between the selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, CL316, 243, and various smooth muscle relaxants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Jun;293(3):939-45. [PubMed ]
4. Raufman JP, Chen Y, Zimniak P, Cheng K: Deoxycholic acid conjugates are muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists. Pharmacology. 2002 Aug;65(4):215-21. [PubMed ]
5. Joyner MJ, Dietz NM: Sympathetic vasodilation in human muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Mar;177(3):329-36. [PubMed ]
6. Nelson CP, Gupta P, Napier CM, Nahorski SR, Challiss RA: Functional selectivity of muscarinic receptor antagonists for inhibition of M3-mediated phosphoinositide responses in guinea pig urinary bladder and submandibular salivary gland. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1255-65. Epub 2004 May 12. [PubMed ]
7. van Kuilenburg AB, Meinsma R, Beke E, Assmann B, Ribes A, Lorente I, Busch R, Mayatepek E, Abeling NG, van Cruchten A, Stroomer AE, van Lenthe H, Zoetekouw L, Kulik W, Hoffmann GF, Voit T, Wevers RA, Rutsch F, van Gennip AH: beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency: an inborn error of pyrimidine degradation associated with neurological abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Nov 15;13(22):2793-801. Epub 2004 Sep 22. [PubMed ]
8. Fornai M, Blandizzi C, Colucci R, Antonioli L, Bernardini N, Segnani C, Baragatti B, Barogi S, Berti P, Spisni R, Del Tacca M: Role of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in the modulation of neuromuscular functions in the distal colon of humans and mice. Gut. 2005 May;54(5):608-16. [PubMed ]
9. Jooste EH, Sharma A, Zhang Y, Emala CW: Rapacuronium augments acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction via positive allosteric interactions at the M3 muscarinic receptor. Anesthesiology. 2005 Dec;103(6):1195-203. [PubMed ]
10. Morgan CJ, Friedmann PS, Church MK, Clough GF: Cutaneous microdialysis as a novel means of continuously stimulating eccrine sweat glands in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Jun;126(6):1220-5. [PubMed ]
11. Carnicella S, de Vasconcelos AP, Pain L, Majchrzak M, Oberling P: Fos immunolabelling evidence for brain regions involved in the Pavlovian degraded contingency effect and in its disruption by atropine. Neuropharmacology. 2006 Jul;51(1):102-11. Epub 2006 May 6. [PubMed ]
12. Hu J, DeChon J, Yan KC, Liu Q, Hu G, Wu J: Iptakalim inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents in dopamine neurons acutely dissociated from rat substantia nigra pars compacta. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jul 31;403(1-2):57-62. Epub 2006 May 26. [PubMed ]
13. Hammer RH, Wu W, Sastry JS, Bodor N: Short acting soft mydriatics. Curr Eye Res. 1991 Jun;10(6):565-70. [PubMed ]
14. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed ]
15. Salminen L: Review: systemic absorption of topically applied ocular drugs in humans. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1990 Fall;6(3):243-9. [PubMed ]
16. Watson GE, Pearson SK, Falany JL, Culp DJ, Tabak LA, Bowen WH: The effect of chronic atropine treatment on salivary composition and caries in rats. J Dent Res. 1989 Dec;68(12):1739-45. [PubMed ]
17. Foster WM, Bergofsky EH: Airway mucus membrane: effects of beta-adrenergic and anticholinergic stimulation. Am J Med. 1986 Nov 14;81(5A):28-35. [PubMed ]
18. Kanto J, Scheinin M: Placental and blood-CSF transfer of orally administered diazepam in the same person. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1987 Jul;61(1):72-4. [PubMed ]
19. Kanto J, Klotz U: Pharmacokinetic implications for the clinical use of atropine, scopolamine and glycopyrrolate. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988 Feb;32(2):69-78. [PubMed ]
20. Kusunoki M, Yamamura T, Takahashi T, Kantoh M, Ishikawa Y, Utsunomiya J: Choledochal cyst. Its possible autonomic involvement in the bile duct. Arch Surg. 1987 Sep;122(9):997-1000. [PubMed ]
21. Imamura I, Watanabe T, Sakamoto Y, Wakamiya T, Shiba T, Hase Y, Tsuruhara T, Wada H: N tau-Ribosylhistidine, a novel histidine derivative in urine of histidinemic patients. Isolation, structure, and tissue level. J Biol Chem. 1985 Sep 5;260(19):10528-30. [PubMed ]
22. Thommesen P, Funch-Jensen P, Taagehoj Jensen F: The influence of atropine and adrenaline on basal lymph flow in the neck region. Lymphology. 1979 Dec;12(4):272-4. [PubMed ]
23. Sato K, Sato F: Defective beta adrenergic response of cystic fibrosis sweat glands in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1984 Jun;73(6):1763-71. [PubMed ]
24. van Hooff M, van Baak MA, Schols M, Rahn KH: Studies of salivary flow in borderline hypertension: effects of drugs acting on structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984 May;66(5):599-604. [PubMed ]
25. Kuo KC, Cole TF, Gehrke CW, Waalkes TP, Borek E: Dual-column cation-exchange chromatographic method for beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in biological samples. Clin Chem. 1978 Aug;24(8):1373-80. [PubMed ]
26. Kubo K, Oka M, Frey R: Decrease of basal plasma histamine levels by application of atropine in man. Anaesthesist. 1982 Apr;31(4):172-3. [PubMed ]
27. Kanto J, Virtanen R, Iisalo E, Maenpaa K, Liukko P: Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of atropine after a single maternal intravenous and intramuscular administration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1981 Apr;25(2):85-8. [PubMed ]
28. Virtanen R, Kanto J, Iisalo E: Radioimmunoassay for atropine and l-hyoscyamine. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1980 Sep;47(3):208-12. [PubMed ]
29. Andersson K, Arner P: Cholinoceptor-mediated effects on glycerol output from human adipose tissue using in situ microdialysis. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(7):1155-62. [PubMed ]
30. Hirano H, Shimosegawa T, Meguro T, Shiga N, Koizumi M, Toyota T: Effects of ethanol on meal-stimulated secretion of pancreatic polypeptide and cholecystokinin: comparison of healthy volunteers, heavy drinkers, and patients with chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol. 1996 Feb;31(1):86-93. [PubMed ]
31. Foster WM, Bergofsky EH, Bohning DE, Lippmann M, Albert RE: Effect of adrenergic agents and their mode of action on mucociliary clearance in man. J Appl Physiol. 1976 Aug;41(2):146-52. [PubMed ]
32. Luik AI, Naboka YuN, Mogilevich SE, Hushcha TO, Mischenko NI: Study of human serum albumin structure by dynamic light scattering: two types of reactions under different pH and interaction with physiologically active compounds. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 1998 Sep;54A(10):1503-7. [PubMed ]
33. Lee SH, Nam SY, Chung BC: Altered profile of endogenous steroids in the urine of patients with prolactinoma. Clin Biochem. 1998 Oct;31(7):529-35. [PubMed ]
34. Chaturvedi AK, Vu NT, Ritter RM, Canfield DV: DNA typing as a strategy for resolving issues relevant to forensic toxicology. J Forensic Sci. 1999 Jan;44(1):189-92. [PubMed ]

1. UPB1 protein

1. Ureidopropionase, beta, isoform CRA_b

MAGAEWKSLEECLEKHLPLPDLQEVKRVLYGKELRKLDLPREAFEAASREDFELQGYAFE
AAEEQLRRPRIVHVGLVQNRIPLPANAPVAEQVSALHRRIKAIVEVAAMCGVNIICFQEA
WTMPFAFCTREKLPWTEFAESAEDGPTTRFCQKLAKNHDMVVVSPILERDSEHGDVLWNT
AVVISNSGAVLGKTRKNHIPRVGDFNESTYYMEGNLGHPVFQTQFGRIAVNICYGRHHPL
NWLMYSINGAEIIFNPSATIGALSESLWPIEARNAAIANHCFTCAINRVGTEHFPNEFTS
GDGKKAHQDFGYFYGSSYVAAPDSSRTPGLSRSRDGLLVAKLDLNLCQQVNDVWNFKMTG
RYEMYARELAEAVKSNYSPTIVKE

• CN_hydrolase (PF00795 )

• None

• None

1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed ]