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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:51 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:54 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015233
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15233
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCapecitabine
DescriptionCapecitabine, also known as xeloda or R340, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5'-deoxyribonucleosides. These are nucleosides in which the oxygen atom at the 5'position of the ribose moiety has been replaced by another atom. The nucleobases here are limited to purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine derivatives. Capecitabine is a drug which is used for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to both paclitaxel and an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimen. may also be used in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients who have failed to respond to, or recurred or relasped during or following anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. capecitabine is used alone as an adjuvant therapy following the complete resection of primary tumor in patients with stage iii colon cancer when monotherapy with fluroprymidine is preferred. the use or capecitabine in combination regimens for advanced gastric cancer is currently being investigated. Capecitabine is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). capecitabine can be converted into 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and meprobamate through its interaction with the enzymes liver carboxylesterase 1 and cytidine deaminase. In humans, capecitabine is involved in capecitabine metabolism pathway. Capecitabine is a potentially toxic compound.
Structure
Data?1582753273
Synonyms
ValueSource
(1-(5-Deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl esterChEBI
CapecitabinChEBI
CapecitabinaChEBI
CapecitabinumChEBI
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamateChEBI
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamateChEBI
XelodaChEBI
(1-(5-Deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamate pentyl esterGenerator
(1-(5-Deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl esterGenerator
(1-(5-Deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamate pentyl esterGenerator
(1-(5-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamate pentyl esterGenerator
(1-(5-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl esterGenerator
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamateGenerator
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamic acidGenerator
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamic acidGenerator
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamateGenerator
Pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamic acidGenerator
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamateGenerator
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamic acidGenerator
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamic acidGenerator
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamateGenerator
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamic acidGenerator
R340HMDB
N(4)-Pentyloxycarbonyl-5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC15H22FN3O6
Average Molecular Weight359.3501
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight359.149263656
IUPAC Namepentyl N-{1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl}carbamate
Traditional Namecapecitabine
CAS Registry Number154361-50-9
SMILES
CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1F)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C15H22FN3O6/c1-3-4-5-6-24-15(23)18-12-9(16)7-19(14(22)17-12)13-11(21)10(20)8(2)25-13/h7-8,10-11,13,20-21H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,17,18,22,23)/t8-,10-,11-,13-/m1/s1
InChI KeyGAGWJHPBXLXJQN-UORFTKCHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5'-deoxyribonucleosides. These are nucleosides in which the oxygen atom at the 5'position of the ribose moiety has been replaced by another atom. The nucleobases here are limited to purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine derivatives.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassNucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
Class5'-deoxyribonucleosides
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct Parent5'-deoxyribonucleosides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 5'-deoxyribonucleoside
  • Glycosyl compound
  • N-glycosyl compound
  • Halopyrimidine
  • Pyrimidone
  • Aryl fluoride
  • Aryl halide
  • Pyrimidine
  • Hydropyrimidine
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Carboximidic acid derivative
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Organofluoride
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point110 - 121 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.25 g/LNot Available
LogP0.4Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.25 g/LALOGPS
logP1.17ALOGPS
logP0.77ChemAxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.23ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area120.69 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity82.75 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability35.81 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+187.66230932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-185.26730932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-218.14730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+194.50430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+182.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+179.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+184.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+185.132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-181.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-181.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-182.032859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
CapecitabineCCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1F)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O4203.5Standard polar33892256
CapecitabineCCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1F)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O2480.9Standard non polar33892256
CapecitabineCCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1F)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O2988.3Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Capecitabine,1TMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O)C=C1F2724.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,1TMS,isomer #2CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F2710.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,1TMS,isomer #3CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C2623.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F2712.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TMS,isomer #2CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C2643.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TMS,isomer #3CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C2630.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C2685.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C2612.3Standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C3040.8Standard polar33892256
Capecitabine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O)C=C1F2941.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,1TBDMS,isomer #2CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F2919.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,1TBDMS,isomer #3CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2863.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)NC1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F3127.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TBDMS,isomer #2CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3127.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,2TBDMS,isomer #3CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3097.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TBDMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3327.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TBDMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3229.1Standard non polar33892256
Capecitabine,3TBDMS,isomer #1CCCCCOC(=O)N(C1=NC(=O)N([C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1F)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3346.6Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Capecitabine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0ab9-9112000000-35a3e944454fc6eca1032017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Capecitabine GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0079-9502500000-bb4d3c6463fb0a87a9972017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Capecitabine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0109000000-c0c4de3c4233af3f34d42017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0901000000-676f6925c6c255f4dd242017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-236cb917e50b215b9bd12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-1900000000-f06b7309e7a2ebfb3bde2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0ufr-3900000000-6bb1981f61b4205a99912017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0kdi-6900000000-ac9a56401938b72ae4f12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0309000000-feac9f5163221adf2a7d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udj-0912000000-258b837e7c98d16aafbf2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-db3e2d6a5526611d6a6e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-b792e6750d1eaccca7aa2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0pb9-0609000000-cd05885e7f4f8d1853ec2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-8029f6bc09ef7062240e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-006x-0590000000-8cea6a9f156f58ccb5932017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-00e9-0920000000-e942daf2b25f1829bec12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0089-0900000000-2a5dcf8bb6ff7ae6d72f2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-460a3e3f1f8b25687c862017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-6105bf5c619fbe72100a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-af842efa254483370f532017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-1900000000-61c84595e7254f9493c92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-2090000000-4b8cf489e15586dfdae82016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-006x-5390000000-679252cae00158da4c5a2016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0096-9250000000-13f9259c8bd82a7444632016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-006y-2792000000-3a1107d332a241bc2b9d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0f6x-3691000000-15dcc8cfd9d6e268fa7e2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Capecitabine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0076-7950000000-99f8f0926e3b4607c61b2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01101 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01101 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB01101
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID54916
KEGG Compound IDC12650
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkCapecitabine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound60953
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID31348
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. de Bono JS, Twelves CJ: The oral fluorinated pyrimidines. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19(1):41-59. [PubMed:11291832 ]
  2. Walko CM, Lindley C: Capecitabine: a review. Clin Ther. 2005 Jan;27(1):23-44. [PubMed:15763604 ]
  3. Twelves C: Vision of the future: capecitabine. Oncologist. 2001;6 Suppl 4:35-9. [PubMed:11585973 ]
  4. Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Goa KL: Capecitabine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the management of advanced breast cancer. Drugs. 2003;63(2):217-36. [PubMed:12515569 ]
  5. Milano G, Ferrero JM, Francois E: Comparative pharmacology of oral fluoropyrimidines: a focus on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacomodulation. Br J Cancer. 2004 Aug 16;91(4):613-7. [PubMed:15280932 ]
  6. Koukourakis GV, Kouloulias V, Koukourakis MJ, Zacharias GA, Zabatis H, Kouvaris J: Efficacy of the oral fluorouracil pro-drug capecitabine in cancer treatment: a review. Molecules. 2008 Aug 27;13(8):1897-922. [PubMed:18794792 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester. Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine. Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate.
Gene Name:
CES1
Uniprot ID:
P23141
Molecular weight:
62520.62
Reactions
Capecitabine + Water → 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine + 1-Pentanol + Carbon dioxidedetails
References
  1. de Bono JS, Twelves CJ: The oral fluorinated pyrimidines. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19(1):41-59. [PubMed:11291832 ]
  2. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, Horii I, Ishitsuka H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU. Pharm Res. 2001 Aug;18(8):1190-202. [PubMed:11587492 ]
  3. Ishitsuka H, Shimma N, Horii I: [Discovery and development of novel anticancer drug capecitabine]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1999 Dec;119(12):881-97. [PubMed:10630095 ]
  4. Ishitsuka H: Capecitabine: preclinical pharmacology studies. Invest New Drugs. 2000 Nov;18(4):343-54. [PubMed:11081570 ]
  5. Endo M, Miwa M, Eda H, Ura M, Tanimura H, Ishikawa T, Miyazaki-Nose T, Hattori K, Shimma N, Yamada-Okabe H, Ishitsuka H: Augmentation of the antitumor activity of capecitabine by a tumor selective dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor, RO0094889. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 20;106(5):799-805. [PubMed:12866042 ]
General function:
Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Shows high catalytic efficiency for hydrolysis of cocaine, 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine.
Gene Name:
CES2
Uniprot ID:
O00748
Molecular weight:
68898.39
Reactions
Capecitabine + Water → 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine + 1-Pentanol + Carbon dioxidedetails
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. Also involved the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
Gene Name:
DPYD
Uniprot ID:
Q12882
Molecular weight:
111400.32
References
  1. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, Horii I, Ishitsuka H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU. Pharm Res. 2001 Aug;18(8):1190-202. [PubMed:11587492 ]
  2. Blanquicett C, Gillespie GY, Nabors LB, Miller CR, Bharara S, Buchsbaum DJ, Diasio RB, Johnson MR: Induction of thymidine phosphorylase in both irradiated and shielded, contralateral human U87MG glioma xenografts: implications for a dual modality treatment using capecitabine and irradiation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2002 Oct;1(12):1139-45. [PubMed:12481438 ]
  3. de Bono JS, Twelves CJ: The oral fluorinated pyrimidines. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19(1):41-59. [PubMed:11291832 ]
  4. Gross E, Seck K, Neubauer S, Mayr J, Hellebrand H, Ratanaphan A, Lutz V, Stockinger H, Kiechle M: High-throughput genotyping by DHPLC of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene implicated in (fluoro)pyrimidine catabolism. Int J Oncol. 2003 Feb;22(2):325-32. [PubMed:12527930 ]
  5. Ishitsuka H: Capecitabine: preclinical pharmacology studies. Invest New Drugs. 2000 Nov;18(4):343-54. [PubMed:11081570 ]
  6. Endo M, Miwa M, Eda H, Ura M, Tanimura H, Ishikawa T, Miyazaki-Nose T, Hattori K, Shimma N, Yamada-Okabe H, Ishitsuka H: Augmentation of the antitumor activity of capecitabine by a tumor selective dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor, RO0094889. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 20;106(5):799-805. [PubMed:12866042 ]
  7. Patel A, Pluim T, Helms A, Bauer A, Tuttle RM, Francis GL: Enzyme expression profiles suggest the novel tumor-activated fluoropyrimidine carbamate capecitabine (Xeloda) might be effective against papillary thyroid cancers of children and young adults. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 May;53(5):409-14. [PubMed:15132128 ]
  8. Eliason JF, Megyeri A: Potential for predicting toxicity and response of fluoropyrimidines in patients. Curr Drug Targets. 2004 May;5(4):383-8. [PubMed:15134221 ]
  9. Walko CM, Lindley C: Capecitabine: a review. Clin Ther. 2005 Jan;27(1):23-44. [PubMed:15763604 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
Specific function:
May have a role in maintaining the integrity of the blood vessels. Has growth promoting activity on endothelial cells, angiogenic activity in vivo and chemotactic activity on endothelial cells in vitro. Catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
Gene Name:
TYMP
Uniprot ID:
P19971
Molecular weight:
49954.965
References
  1. de Bono JS, Twelves CJ: The oral fluorinated pyrimidines. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19(1):41-59. [PubMed:11291832 ]
  2. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, Horii I, Ishitsuka H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU. Pharm Res. 2001 Aug;18(8):1190-202. [PubMed:11587492 ]
  3. Blanquicett C, Gillespie GY, Nabors LB, Miller CR, Bharara S, Buchsbaum DJ, Diasio RB, Johnson MR: Induction of thymidine phosphorylase in both irradiated and shielded, contralateral human U87MG glioma xenografts: implications for a dual modality treatment using capecitabine and irradiation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2002 Oct;1(12):1139-45. [PubMed:12481438 ]
  4. Ishitsuka H, Shimma N, Horii I: [Discovery and development of novel anticancer drug capecitabine]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1999 Dec;119(12):881-97. [PubMed:10630095 ]
  5. Ishitsuka H: Capecitabine: preclinical pharmacology studies. Invest New Drugs. 2000 Nov;18(4):343-54. [PubMed:11081570 ]
  6. Endo M, Miwa M, Eda H, Ura M, Tanimura H, Ishikawa T, Miyazaki-Nose T, Hattori K, Shimma N, Yamada-Okabe H, Ishitsuka H: Augmentation of the antitumor activity of capecitabine by a tumor selective dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor, RO0094889. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 20;106(5):799-805. [PubMed:12866042 ]
  7. Schuller J, Cassidy J, Dumont E, Roos B, Durston S, Banken L, Utoh M, Mori K, Weidekamm E, Reigner B: Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;45(4):291-7. [PubMed:10755317 ]
  8. Patel A, Pluim T, Helms A, Bauer A, Tuttle RM, Francis GL: Enzyme expression profiles suggest the novel tumor-activated fluoropyrimidine carbamate capecitabine (Xeloda) might be effective against papillary thyroid cancers of children and young adults. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 May;53(5):409-14. [PubMed:15132128 ]
  9. Eliason JF, Megyeri A: Potential for predicting toxicity and response of fluoropyrimidines in patients. Curr Drug Targets. 2004 May;5(4):383-8. [PubMed:15134221 ]
  10. Fischel JL, Ciccolini J, Formento P, Ferrero JM, Milano G: Synergistic cytotoxic interaction in hormone-refractory prostate cancer with the triple combination docetaxel-erlotinib and 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine. Anticancer Drugs. 2006 Aug;17(7):807-13. [PubMed:16926630 ]
  11. Walko CM, Lindley C: Capecitabine: a review. Clin Ther. 2005 Jan;27(1):23-44. [PubMed:15763604 ]
General function:
Involved in thymidylate synthase activity
Specific function:
Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway.
Gene Name:
TYMS
Uniprot ID:
P04818
Molecular weight:
35715.65
References
  1. Patel A, Pluim T, Helms A, Bauer A, Tuttle RM, Francis GL: Enzyme expression profiles suggest the novel tumor-activated fluoropyrimidine carbamate capecitabine (Xeloda) might be effective against papillary thyroid cancers of children and young adults. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 May;53(5):409-14. [PubMed:15132128 ]
  2. Eliason JF, Megyeri A: Potential for predicting toxicity and response of fluoropyrimidines in patients. Curr Drug Targets. 2004 May;5(4):383-8. [PubMed:15134221 ]
  3. Carlini LE, Meropol NJ, Bever J, Andria ML, Hill T, Gold P, Rogatko A, Wang H, Blanchard RL: UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 polymorphisms predict response and toxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine/irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 1;11(3):1226-36. [PubMed:15709193 ]
  4. Li KM, Rivory LP, Clarke SJ: Rapid quantitation of plasma 2'-deoxyuridine by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacodynamic studies in cancer patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 Jun 5;820(1):121-30. Epub 2005 Apr 19. [PubMed:15866500 ]
  5. Fischel JL, Ciccolini J, Formento P, Ferrero JM, Milano G: Synergistic cytotoxic interaction in hormone-refractory prostate cancer with the triple combination docetaxel-erlotinib and 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine. Anticancer Drugs. 2006 Aug;17(7):807-13. [PubMed:16926630 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
This enzyme scavenge exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Gene Name:
CDA
Uniprot ID:
P32320
Molecular weight:
16184.545
References
  1. de Bono JS, Twelves CJ: The oral fluorinated pyrimidines. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19(1):41-59. [PubMed:11291832 ]
  2. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, Horii I, Ishitsuka H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU. Pharm Res. 2001 Aug;18(8):1190-202. [PubMed:11587492 ]
  3. Ishitsuka H, Shimma N, Horii I: [Discovery and development of novel anticancer drug capecitabine]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1999 Dec;119(12):881-97. [PubMed:10630095 ]
  4. Ishitsuka H: Capecitabine: preclinical pharmacology studies. Invest New Drugs. 2000 Nov;18(4):343-54. [PubMed:11081570 ]
  5. Endo M, Miwa M, Eda H, Ura M, Tanimura H, Ishikawa T, Miyazaki-Nose T, Hattori K, Shimma N, Yamada-Okabe H, Ishitsuka H: Augmentation of the antitumor activity of capecitabine by a tumor selective dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor, RO0094889. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 20;106(5):799-805. [PubMed:12866042 ]