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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-11-09 23:12:08 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000121 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Folic acid |
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Description | Folic acid is a member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). Folic acid, being biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by dihydrofolate reductase. These folic acid congeners are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids, methylated tRNA, and generate and use formate. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (PMID: 22254078 ). |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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Folate | ChEBI | Folsaeure | ChEBI | N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid | ChEBI | N-Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid | ChEBI | PGA | ChEBI | PteGlu | ChEBI | Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid | ChEBI | Pteroyl-L-monoglutamic acid | ChEBI | Pteroylglutamic acid | ChEBI | Vitamin BC | ChEBI | Vitamin m | ChEBI | Folicet | Kegg | N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamate | Generator | N-Pteroyl-L-glutamate | Generator | Pteroyl-L-glutamate | Generator | Pteroyl-L-monoglutamate | Generator | Pteroylglutamate | Generator | Acifolic | HMDB | Cytofol | HMDB | Dosfolat b activ | HMDB | Folacid | HMDB | Folacin | HMDB | Folbal | HMDB | Folcidin | HMDB | Foldine | HMDB | Folettes | HMDB | Foliamin | HMDB | Folipac | HMDB | Folsan | HMDB | Folsaure | HMDB | Folsav | HMDB | Folvite | HMDB | Incafolic | HMDB | Liver lactobacillus casei factor | HMDB | Millafol | HMDB | N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid | HMDB | N-[4-[[(2-Amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid | HMDB | Pteroylmonoglutamic acid | HMDB | Vitamin be | HMDB | Folic acid, (DL)-isomer | HMDB | Folic acid, sodium salt | HMDB | Folic acid, (D)-isomer | HMDB | Folic acid, monosodium salt | HMDB | Folic acid, potassium salt | HMDB | b9, Vitamin | HMDB | Folic acid, calcium salt (1:1) | HMDB | Folic acid, monopotassium salt | HMDB | Vitamin b9 | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C19H19N7O6 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 441.3975 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 441.139681375 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | folate |
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CAS Registry Number | 59-30-3 |
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SMILES | NC1=NC(=O)C2=NC(CNC3=CC=C(C=C3)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)=CN=C2N1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C19H19N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,8,12,21H,5-7H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H3,20,22,25,26,30)/t12-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Glutamic acid and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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Substituents | Not Available |
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: Biological role: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 250 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.0016 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0002-2249100000-5ad16461f6638538ea08 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00xr-4205390000-4152e24c68306bfe6554 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0006-0000900000-4208ea3c2f5d9026c19f | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0006-0050900000-2c8ad037dc3b270765c4 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0007-0090300000-ebdec84cbb7fe5afbc0b | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-0007-0903600000-e5d91e4f2ab79d130b76 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive | splash10-002b-0960000000-108d96993dc78f1e4b61 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0007-0903600000-e5d91e4f2ab79d130b76 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positive | splash10-002b-0960000000-108d96993dc78f1e4b61 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-00bd-0544900000-aa9a130e2cf3dacfb954 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-004j-0954100000-7be7eac442233b5d3bcf | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-004i-1960000000-1950169762886f41b6ec | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0006-0114900000-bff7f5f3d20dcd6a4494 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-00r7-1249300000-e322ba8675bb922877a9 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-9652000000-8c87fa7172ed19a7eb27 | Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0006-9410000000-7cba521e870757539424 | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cellular Cytoplasm
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Erythrocyte
- Kidney
- Liver
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.021 (0.017-0.025) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0295-0.0340 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00544-0.0272 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.039 (0.01 - 0.14) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.011 (0.004 - 0.028) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.009 (0.0024 - 0.024) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.024 uM | Infant (5 days - <1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0088 uM | Children (1 - <3 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.027 uM | Children (3 - <6 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0297 uM | Children (6 - <8 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0258 uM | Children (8 - <12 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.027 uM | Adolescent (12 - <14 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0179 uM | Adolescent (14 - <19 years old | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00400-0.0150 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.016 +/- 0.0049 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.02 (0.011- 0.036) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.009 (0.0026-0.026) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.023 (0.002-0.045) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cellular Cytoplasm | Detected and Quantified | 0.735 +/- 0.202 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cellular Cytoplasm | Detected and Quantified | 0.453 +/- 0.131 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cellular Cytoplasm | Detected and Quantified | > 0.35 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0544 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0078 +/- 0.0011 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.053 +/- 0.024 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.006 +/- 0.0005 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0202 +/- 0.00567 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.00065 (0.000092-0.0013) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0014 (0.000013-0.0026) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | < 0.01 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.023 (0.019-0.028) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Rheumatoid arthritis | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00204 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Female | Hereditary folate malabsorption | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00131 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Male | Hereditary folate malabsorption | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0097 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Dimethylglycinuria | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.023 (0.020-0.026) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Rheumatoid arthritis | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.003 (0.0 - 0.007) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Folate deficiency | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0203 +/- 0.0017 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0209 +/- 0.00703 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | fibromyalgia | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.00612 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Hereditary folate malabsorption | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.008 +/- 0.0011 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0056 +/- 0.005 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Interstitial cystitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Folate deficiency |
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- (). Wu AHB. Tietz clinical guide to laboratory tests. 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier. 2006.. .
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
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- Chiang EP, Smith DE, Selhub J, Dallal G, Wang YC, Roubenoff R: Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1254-62. Epub 2005 Sep 13. [PubMed:16277678 ]
| Hereditary folate malabsorption |
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- Corbeel L, Van den Berghe G, Jaeken J, Van Tornout J, Eeckels R: Congenital folate malabsorption. Eur J Pediatr. 1985 Mar;143(4):284-90. [PubMed:3987728 ]
- Meyer E, Kurian MA, Pasha S, Trembath RC, Cole T, Maher ER: A novel PCFT gene mutation (p.Cys66LeufsX99) causing hereditary folate malabsorption. Mol Genet Metab. 2010 Mar;99(3):325-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.11.004. Epub 2009 Nov 16. [PubMed:20005757 ]
| Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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- Moolenaar SH, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Corstiaensen JM, Heerschap A, de Jong JG, Binzak BA, Vockley J, Wevers RA: Defect in dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, a new inborn error of metabolism: NMR spectroscopy study. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):459-64. [PubMed:10102904 ]
| Alzheimer's disease |
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- Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8. [PubMed:11959400 ]
- Smach MA, Jacob N, Golmard JL, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Ben Othman L, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K: Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(5):270-8. doi: 10.1159/000326301. Epub 2011 Apr 8. [PubMed:21474939 ]
| Fibromyalgia |
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- Ortancil O, Sanli A, Eryuksel R, Basaran A, Ankarali H: Association between serum ferritin level and fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar;64(3):308-12. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.149. Epub 2010 Jan 20. [PubMed:20087382 ]
| Bladder infections |
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- Braundmeier-Fleming A, Russell NT, Yang W, Nas MY, Yaggie RE, Berry M, Bachrach L, Flury SC, Marko DS, Bushell CB, Welge ME, White BA, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ: Stool-based biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep. 2016 May 18;6:26083. doi: 10.1038/srep26083. [PubMed:27188581 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 180300 (Rheumatoid arthritis)
- 229050 (Hereditary folate malabsorption)
- 605850 (Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
- 104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00158 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB014504 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00001539 |
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Chemspider ID | 5815 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00504 |
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BioCyc ID | CPD-12826 |
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BiGG ID | 35180 |
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Wikipedia Link | Folic_Acid |
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METLIN ID | 246 |
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PubChem Compound | 6037 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 27470 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000056 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Piper, James R.; McCaleb, George S.; Montgomery, John A. Synthesis of 10-propargylfolic acid from 2-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-4(1H)-pteridinone. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (1987), 24(1), 279-82. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Kopczynska E, Ziolkowski M, Jendryczka-Mackiewicz E, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G, Opozda K, Tyrakowski T: [The concentrations of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in alcohol dependent male patients]. Psychiatr Pol. 2004 Sep-Oct;38(5):947-56. [PubMed:15523939 ]
- Gregory JF 3rd, Williamson J, Liao JF, Bailey LB, Toth JP: Kinetic model of folate metabolism in nonpregnant women consuming [2H2]folic acid: isotopic labeling of urinary folate and the catabolite para-acetamidobenzoylglutamate indicates slow, intake-dependent, turnover of folate pools. J Nutr. 1998 Nov;128(11):1896-906. [PubMed:9808640 ]
- Lin Y, Dueker SR, Follett JR, Fadel JG, Arjomand A, Schneider PD, Miller JW, Green R, Buchholz BA, Vogel JS, Phair RD, Clifford AJ: Quantitation of in vivo human folate metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):680-91. [PubMed:15321809 ]
- Rodriguez Flores J, Penalvo GC, Mansilla AE, Gomez MJ: Capillary electrophoretic determination of methotrexate, leucovorin and folic acid in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 May 5;819(1):141-7. [PubMed:15797531 ]
- Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8. [PubMed:11959400 ]
- Litwin M, Abuauba M, Wawer ZT, Grenda R, Kuryl T, Pietraszek E: [Sulphur amino acids, vitamin B12 and folic acid in children with chronic renal failure]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2000 Apr;8(46):268-9. [PubMed:10897644 ]
- Gregory JF 3rd, Williamson J, Bailey LB, Toth JP: Urinary excretion of [2H4]folate by nonpregnant women following a single oral dose of [2H4]folic acid is a functional index of folate nutritional status. J Nutr. 1998 Nov;128(11):1907-12. [PubMed:9808641 ]
- Dietrich M, Brown CJ, Block G: The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Aug;24(4):266-74. [PubMed:16093404 ]
- Pufulete M, Al-Ghnaniem R, Khushal A, Appleby P, Harris N, Gout S, Emery PW, Sanders TA: Effect of folic acid supplementation on genomic DNA methylation in patients with colorectal adenoma. Gut. 2005 May;54(5):648-53. [PubMed:15831910 ]
- Clifford AJ, Arjomand A, Dueker SR, Schneider PD, Buchholz BA, Vogel JS: The dynamics of folic acid metabolism in an adult given a small tracer dose of 14C-folic acid. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;445:239-51. [PubMed:9781393 ]
- Olthof MR, Bots ML, Katan MB, Verhoef P: Effect of folic acid and betaine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation: a randomized, controlled study in healthy volunteers. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jun;1(2):e10. Epub 2006 Jun 9. [PubMed:16871332 ]
- Stern LL, Bagley PJ, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J: Conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid to 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid is unimpaired in folate-adequate persons homozygous for the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. J Nutr. 2000 Sep;130(9):2238-42. [PubMed:10958818 ]
- Stuerenburg HJ, Ganzer S, Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T: The influence of smoking on plasma folate and lipoproteins in Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment and depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Jun;26(3):261-3. [PubMed:15990733 ]
- Cahill E, McPartlin J, Gibney MJ: The effects of fasting and refeeding healthy volunteers on serum folate levels. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(2):142-5. [PubMed:9565830 ]
- Raiten DJ, Fisher KD: Assessment of folate methodology used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). J Nutr. 1995 May;125(5):1371S-1398S. [PubMed:7738698 ]
- Zittoun J: [Anemias due to disorder of folate, vitamin B12 and transcobalamin metabolism]. Rev Prat. 1993 Jun 1;43(11):1358-63. [PubMed:8235383 ]
- Kamen B: Folate and antifolate pharmacology. Semin Oncol. 1997 Oct;24(5 Suppl 18):S18-30-S18-39. [PubMed:9420019 ]
- Fenech M, Aitken C, Rinaldi J: Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Jul;19(7):1163-71. [PubMed:9683174 ]
- Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Bischof AM, Caughman CR, Loria CM, Johnson CL: Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Adv Data. 1994 Nov 14;(258):1-28. [PubMed:10138938 ]
- Rossi M, Amaretti A, Raimondi S: Folate production by probiotic bacteria. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):118-34. doi: 10.3390/nu3010118. Epub 2011 Jan 18. [PubMed:22254078 ]
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