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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-11-09 23:12:19 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000133 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Guanosine |
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Description | Guanosine (G), also known as 2-amino-inosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Guanosine consists of a guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine is a moderately basic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine is involved in intracellular signalling through adenosine receptor A2B and adenosine. Outside of the human body, guanosine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as leeks, garlic, chicory roots, green bell peppers, and black-eyed peas. This could make guanosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Guanosine plays an important role in various biochemical processes such as the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and intracellular signal transduction (cGMP). Guanosine is a potentially toxic compound. It is very soluble in acetic acid, slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, and chloroform. The antiviral drug acyclovir, often used in herpes treatment, and the anti-HIV drug abacavir, are both structurally similar to guanosine. Guanosine was also used to make regadenoson. Guanosine is a white, crystalline powder with no odour and a mild saline taste. Guanosine is required for an RNA splicing reaction in mRNA when a "self-splicing" intron removes itself from the mRNA by cutting at both ends, re-ligating, and leaving just the exons on either side to be translated into protein. When guanine is attached by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of a deoxyribose ring it is known as deoxyguanosine. Guanosine can be found in clovers, coffee plants, and the pollen of pines. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2(3H)-Imino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | ChEBI | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | ChEBI | 2-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | ChEBI | 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | ChEBI | G | ChEBI | Guanine riboside | ChEBI | Guanine-9-beta-D-ribofuranoside | ChEBI | Guanosin | ChEBI | Guo | ChEBI | 2(3H)-Imino-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | Generator | 2(3H)-Imino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 9-b-D-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | Generator | 9-Β-D-ribofuranosyl-guanine | Generator | Guanine-9-b-D-ribofuranoside | Generator | Guanine-9-β-D-ribofuranoside | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | HMDB | 2-Amino-inosine | HMDB | 9-beta-delta-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | HMDB | b-D-Ribofuranoside guanine-9 | HMDB | beta-delta-Ribofuranoside guanine-9 | HMDB | Ribonucleoside | HMDB | Vernine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C10H13N5O5 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 283.2407 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 283.091668551 |
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IUPAC Name | 2-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-6-one |
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Traditional Name | guanosine |
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CAS Registry Number | 118-00-3 |
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SMILES | NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H13N5O5/c11-10-13-7-4(8(19)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(18)5(17)3(1-16)20-9/h2-3,5-6,9,16-18H,1H2,(H3,11,13,14,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues |
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Class | Purine nucleosides |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Purine nucleosides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Purine nucleoside
- Glycosyl compound
- N-glycosyl compound
- Pentose monosaccharide
- Imidazopyrimidine
- Purine
- Hydroxypyrimidine
- Monosaccharide
- N-substituted imidazole
- Pyrimidine
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Azole
- Imidazole
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Secondary alcohol
- Azacycle
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Primary alcohol
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 239 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.7 mg/mL at 18 °C | Not Available | LogP | -1.90 | SANGSTER (1993) |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (5 TMS) | splash10-0f7k-1952000000-c57c052c65f3fa9504af | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0feb-0963000000-c91b93f300b50fbc99c1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS) | splash10-00di-9440000000-361092fc2dc5206fe655 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (5 TMS) | splash10-00di-9421000000-b2b15c03b8206196f59f | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0f7k-1952000000-c57c052c65f3fa9504af | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0feb-0963000000-c91b93f300b50fbc99c1 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-9440000000-361092fc2dc5206fe655 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-9421000000-b2b15c03b8206196f59f | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0zml-9670000000-793c36e66ed6430b932b | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0159-4945800000-86e8114119c47d85cc53 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001j-0795222100-55ad26c7c4d9f64dd759 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0900000000-9450dc04b32ca468e146 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-0147dd895ffbecfa9668 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-03di-0190000000-5d00bb466dd23f062b86 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0f89-0690030010-86fae3a6cae3e2b3de2c | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001i-0900000000-97217b0084eeac14e7e1 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-d0c65e36192b7ebdaae8 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001i-0090000000-bb8ef433eba795395fe3 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-001i-0090000000-4ceff605ca97b7c0774a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-0ue9-0960000000-1c286e55d437f33a29b3 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-7149427a8c09f429fdbe | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-0zgi-0900000000-5de849ca7144ca8afe05 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative | splash10-053r-0900000000-f97dbc10f152af4df778 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-0ue9-0910000000-bd6d397c6e5507b168b0 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-001i-0090000000-4ceff605ca97b7c0774a | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-0ue9-0960000000-1c286e55d437f33a29b3 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-7149427a8c09f429fdbe | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-0zgi-0900000000-5de849ca7144ca8afe05 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-053r-0900000000-683b3e71755dc9d017bb | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-0147dd895ffbecfa9668 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative | splash10-001i-0900000000-97217b0084eeac14e7e1 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-d0c65e36192b7ebdaae8 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative | splash10-001i-0090000000-bb8ef433eba795395fe3 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-0ue9-0910000000-bd6d397c6e5507b168b0 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0udi-0900000000-ef0cae7d67f9e803f2b2 | Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0udl-9400000000-5a915ef7129c50e638a7 | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Mitochondria
- Lysosome
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Breast Milk
- Cellular Cytoplasm
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.8 +/- 0.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Breast Milk | Detected and Quantified | 1.01 +/- 1.59 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Cellular Cytoplasm | Detected and Quantified | 4.5 +/- 2.9 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.101 +/- 0.0647 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.227 +/- 0.617 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.262 +/- 0.285 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.13 (0.022-0.23) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 +/- 0.02 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.05 +/- 0.02 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 +/- 0.02 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0-11 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <0.1 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 7.8 +/- 8.736 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Unclassified IBD | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Attachment loss | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Periodontal Probing Depth | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Tooth Decay | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.0609 +/- 0.0661 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Tooth alignment disorders | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 35.0 - 2588.0 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 35-588 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 13.601 +/- 7.764 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Colorectal cancer |
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- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Attachment loss |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Periodontal Probing Depth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Tooth Decay |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency |
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- Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Moolenaar SH, Brautigam C, de Jong JG, Duran R, de Abreu RA, van Gennip AH: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of body fluids: inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):539-48. [PubMed:10102915 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | - 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 266600 (Crohn's disease)
- 164050 (Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency )
- 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB02857 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB003632 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00019679 |
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Chemspider ID | 6544 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00387 |
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BioCyc ID | GUANOSINE |
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BiGG ID | 51567 |
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Wikipedia Link | Guanosine |
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METLIN ID | 87 |
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PubChem Compound | 6802 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 16750 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | GSN |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000064 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Tang, Shengrong; Huang, Weihong; Hou, Zuorong. Process of guanosine production by fermentation. Gongye Weishengwu (1998), 28(4), 11-16. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Lee SH, Jung BH, Kim SY, Chung BC: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of nucleosides in human urine using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with direct urine injection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004;18(9):973-7. [PubMed:15116424 ]
- Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Moolenaar SH, Brautigam C, de Jong JG, Duran R, de Abreu RA, van Gennip AH: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of body fluids: inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):539-48. [PubMed:10102915 ]
- Hartwick RA, Krstulovic AM, Brown PR: Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation of human sera. J Chromatogr. 1979 Dec 30;186:659-76. [PubMed:546939 ]
- Traut TW: Physiological concentrations of purines and pyrimidines. Mol Cell Biochem. 1994 Nov 9;140(1):1-22. [PubMed:7877593 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Saute JA, da Silveira LE, Soares FA, Martini LH, Souza DO, Ganzella M: Amnesic effect of GMP depends on its conversion to guanosine. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006 May;85(3):206-12. Epub 2005 Dec 1. [PubMed:16325434 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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