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| Record Information |
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| Version | 4.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2020-04-23 20:53:43 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0000235 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Thiamine |
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| Description | Thiamine, also known as aneurin or vitamin B1, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiamines. Thiamines are compounds containing a thiamine moiety, which is structurally characterized by a 3-[(4-Amino-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-thiazol-5-yl backbone. Natural derivatives of thiamine phosphate, such as thiamine monophosphate (ThMP), thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), also sometimes called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), and thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), that act as coenzymes in addition to their each unique biological functions. There are five known natural thiamine phosphate derivatives: thiamine monophosphate (ThMP), thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), also sometimes called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), and the recently discovered adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), and adenosine thiamine diphosphate. Thiamine is a drug which is used for the treatment of thiamine and niacin deficiency states, korsakov's alcoholic psychosis, wernicke-korsakov syndrome, delirium, and peripheral neuritis. Thiamine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Thiamine has been shown to inhibit this effect of glucose on endothelial cells. Thiamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, thiamine is involved in the metabolic disorder called the 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency pathway. Thiamine is a bitter tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Thiamine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as spread, leavening agents, and meat bouillons and in a lower concentration in cow milks, sharks, and vegetable juices. Thiamine has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as chewing gums, walnuts, celery leaves, ascidians, and waters. This could make thiamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Thiamine is a potentially toxic compound. Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation may also promote atherosclerosis. Thiamine is a vitamin with antioxidant, erythropoietic, cognition-and mood-modulatory, antiatherosclerotic, putative ergogenic, and detoxification activities. The neuronal death is associated with increased free radical production, suggesting that oxidative stress may play an important early role in brain damage associated with thiamine deficiency. Oral mouse LD50 = 8224 mg/kg, oral rat LD50 = 3710 mg/kg. |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| 3-(4-AMINO-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-4-methyl-thiazol-3-ium | ChEBI | | Aneurin | ChEBI | | Antiberiberi factor | ChEBI | | Thiamin | ChEBI | | Thiamine(1+) ion | ChEBI | | Thiaminium | ChEBI | | Vitamin b1 | ChEBI | | Apate drops | HMDB | | Beatine | HMDB | | Bedome | HMDB | | Begiolan | HMDB | | Benerva | HMDB | | Bequin | HMDB | | Berin | HMDB | | Betalin S | HMDB | | Betaxin | HMDB | | Bethiazine | HMDB | | Beuion | HMDB | | Bevitex | HMDB | | Bevitine | HMDB | | Bewon | HMDB | | Biamine | HMDB | | Bithiamin | HMDB | | Biuno | HMDB | | Bivatin | HMDB | | Bivita | HMDB | | Cernevit-12 | HMDB | | Clotiamina | HMDB | | Eskapen | HMDB | | Eskaphen | HMDB | | Hybee | HMDB | | Lixa-beta | HMDB | | Metabolin | HMDB | | Slowten | HMDB | | THD | HMDB | | Thiadoxine | HMDB | | Thiaminal | HMDB | | Thiamol | HMDB | | Thiavit | HMDB | | Tiamidon | HMDB | | Tiaminal | HMDB | | Trophite | HMDB | | Vetalin S | HMDB | | VIB | HMDB | | Vinothiam | HMDB | | Vitaneuron | HMDB | | Mononitrate, thiamine | MeSH, HMDB | | Thiamine mononitrate | MeSH, HMDB | | Vitamin b 1 | MeSH, HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | C12H17N4OS |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 265.355 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 265.112306876 |
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| IUPAC Name | 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium |
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| Traditional Name | thiamine |
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| CAS Registry Number | 70-16-6 |
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| SMILES | CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C12H17N4OS/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15)/q+1 |
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| InChI Key | JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiamines. Thiamines are compounds containing a thiamine moiety, which is structurally characterized by a 3-[(4-Amino-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-thiazol-5-yl backbone. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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| Class | Diazines |
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| Sub Class | Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives |
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| Direct Parent | Thiamines |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Thiamine
- 4,5-disubstituted 1,3-thiazole
- Aminopyrimidine
- Imidolactam
- Azole
- Thiazole
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Azacycle
- Alcohol
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary amine
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Amine
- Organic cation
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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| Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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| Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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| Role | Industrial application: Biological role: |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | 248 °C | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | 500 mg/mL | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00e9-3890000000-9f8b525433ab279ad512 | Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-9442000000-05ab93d3afb7b6f538e9 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, N/A (Annotated) | splash10-000i-0109000000-48864f31ba475645654b | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, N/A (Annotated) | splash10-05o1-9200000000-2ec0f3e9e364cffde16e | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, N/A (Annotated) | splash10-0aou-9000000000-0184506492d9f5b68b97 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-03di-0090000000-872150be83cbd75d8ecf | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-0002-0930000000-ecf71c75bdea859139d5 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-4d9113fdc633fb1ccbb5 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-4a8016299623af0c3027 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative | splash10-0002-1900000000-773912c9f325c419c77d | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-014i-0390000000-95f3ca57c95542bdc7e7 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive | splash10-00di-0900000000-e079d1fc1e06396dc524 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive | splash10-00di-0900000000-ebb16d4f204f291b9a3a | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive | splash10-00e9-4900000000-ad4d4779d76b9edb7ec5 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive | splash10-001i-9600000000-b631eed5be831527fc17 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive | splash10-00di-0900000000-50f2f613f576814eb627 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive | splash10-002b-0900000000-2f184bbfec6bc0ef00c6 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-35bc744495a2570a565f | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive | splash10-00di-1900000000-d8a7ac327273c32b4524 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-0002-0920000000-ca80ef6513c61be5b5e9 | Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-03di-0090000000-872150be83cbd75d8ecf | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-014i-0190000000-183af2449d1439af9825 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0090000000-2230ebc7c6b73192c26f | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0002-7920000000-75670df9647a475ca92c | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-03di-3090000000-d0ff9a733629a86b75c7 | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-03dj-3690000000-db3f204af490d7e1722e | Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0005-9000000000-5196f2b4daab995967bf | Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Membrane (predicted from logP)
- Mitochondria
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| Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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| Tissue Locations | - Adipose Tissue
- Adrenal Gland
- Brain
- Erythrocyte
- Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Liver
- Neuron
- Placenta
- Skeletal Muscle
- Testis
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.34 (0.14-0.79) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.16 (0.06-0.41) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.096 +/- 0.018 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 (0.094-0.280) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.050-0.120 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.006 (0.005 - 0.007) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.141 +/- 0.0543 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0487 +/- 0.00275 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.247 +/- 0.006 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 +/- 0.09 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.02 +/- 0.01 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.22 (0.20-0.60) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.132 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0283 +/- 0.0191 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0511 +/- 0.0255 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.035 +/- 0.006 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Hemodialysis | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.18 +/- 0.066 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Friedreich's ataxia | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.17 +/- 0.051 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.115 +/- 0.0464 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Friedreich's ataxia | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0902 +/- 0.0411 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.02 +/- 0.00 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Alcoholism | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.01 +/- 0.00 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Alcoholism | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.09 +/- 0.01 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 +/- 0.01 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguena | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 +/- 0.01 uM | Not Specified | Not Specified | Friedreich's ataxia | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Hemodialysis |
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- Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP: Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Nov;38(5):941-7. [PubMed:11684545 ]
| | Friedreich's ataxia |
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- Pedraza OL, Botez MI: Thiamine status in inherited degenerative ataxias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Feb;55(2):136-7. [PubMed:1538220 ]
- Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
| | Olivopontocerebral atrophy |
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- Pedraza OL, Botez MI: Thiamine status in inherited degenerative ataxias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Feb;55(2):136-7. [PubMed:1538220 ]
- Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
| | Alcoholism |
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- Dastur DK, Santhadevi N, Quadros EV, Avari FC, Wadia NH, Desai MN, Bharucha EP: The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism. A model of intervitamin relationships. Br J Nutr. 1976 Sep;36(2):143-59. [PubMed:182198 ]
| | Hereditary spastic paraplegia |
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- Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
| | Colorectal cancer |
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- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
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| Associated OMIM IDs | - 229300 (Friedreich's ataxia)
- 182601 (Hereditary spastic paraplegia)
- 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB00152 |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | FDB008424 |
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| KNApSAcK ID | C00000775 |
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| Chemspider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C00378 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Thiamine |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound | 1130 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 18385 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | THM |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Sugimoto, Hirohiko; Ishiba, Teruyuki; Sato, Tomohiro; Nakai, Hiroshi; Hirai, Kentaro. Novel S-alkylation products from "isolated thiamin ylide" via thiaminium neothiaminthiolate ion pair. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1990), 55(2), 467-70. |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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| General References | - Bellazzi R, Guglielmann R, Ironi L, Patrini C: A hybrid input-output approach to model metabolic systems: an application to intracellular thiamine kinetics. J Biomed Inform. 2001 Aug;34(4):221-48. [PubMed:11977806 ]
- Pietrzak I, Baczyk K: Comparison of the thiamine level in blood and erythrocyte transketolase activity in hemodialyzed and nondialyzed patients during recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1997;23(3-6):277-82. [PubMed:9387133 ]
- Singleton CK, Martin PR: Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization. Curr Mol Med. 2001 May;1(2):197-207. [PubMed:11899071 ]
- Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Higuchi I, Osame M, Naito E, Oizumi K: Mitochondrial myopathy and familial thiamine deficiency. Muscle Nerve. 2000 Jul;23(7):1069-75. [PubMed:10883001 ]
- Mastrogiacoma F, Bettendorff L, Grisar T, Kish SJ: Brain thiamine, its phosphate esters, and its metabolizing enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 1996 May;39(5):585-91. [PubMed:8619543 ]
- Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Hernanz A, Fernandez-Vivancos E, Medina S, de Bustos F, Gomez-Escalonilla C, Sayed Y: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of thiamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Jul;109(7-8):1035-44. [PubMed:12111441 ]
- Pietrzak I, Baczyk K, Kubiak W: Recombinant human erythropoietin administration improves thiamine content in blood and erythrocytes transketolase activity in pre-dialyzed patients. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 1994;48 Suppl 3:29-37. [PubMed:8192530 ]
- Valerio G, Franzese A, Poggi V, Patrini C, Laforenza U, Tenore A: Lipophilic thiamine treatment in long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 1999 Jun;36(1-2):73-6. [PubMed:10436256 ]
- Herve C, Beyne P, Delacoux E: Determination of thiamine and its phosphate esters in human erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography with isocratic elution. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1994 Mar 4;653(2):217-20. [PubMed:8205249 ]
- Losa R, Sierra MI, Fernandez A, Blanco D, Buesa JM: Determination of thiamine and its phosphorylated forms in human plasma, erythrocytes and urine by HPLC and fluorescence detection: a preliminary study on cancer patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Apr 29;37(5):1025-9. [PubMed:15862682 ]
- Pietrzak I, Baczyk K, Mlynarczyk M: [The influence of intermittent peritoneal dialysis on free and total thiamine concentration in plasma and erythrocytes of patients with end stage renal disease]. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 1994;92 Spec No:31-6. [PubMed:7731897 ]
- Dutta B, Huang W, Molero M, Kekuda R, Leibach FH, Devoe LD, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD: Cloning of the human thiamine transporter, a member of the folate transporter family. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 5;274(45):31925-9. [PubMed:10542220 ]
- Pedraza OL, Botez MI: Thiamine status in inherited degenerative ataxias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Feb;55(2):136-7. [PubMed:1538220 ]
- Vinogradov VV, Tarasov IuA, Tishin VS, Bogdanovich VI, Spas VV: [Thiamine prevention of the corticosteroid reaction afer surgery]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1981 May-Jun;27(3):11-6. [PubMed:7291135 ]
- Tanaka T, Sohmiya K, Kono T, Terasaki F, Horie R, Ohkaru Y, Muramatsu M, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Kitaura Y: Thiamine attenuates the hypertension and metabolic abnormalities in CD36-defective SHR: uncoupling of glucose oxidation from cellular entry accompanied with enhanced protein O-GlcNAcylation in CD36 deficiency. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 May;299(1-2):23-35. [PubMed:16645728 ]
- Bettendorff L, Mastrogiacomo F, Kish SJ, Grisar T: Thiamine, thiamine phosphates, and their metabolizing enzymes in human brain. J Neurochem. 1996 Jan;66(1):250-8. [PubMed:8522961 ]
- Lee DC, Chu J, Satz W, Silbergleit R: Low plasma thiamine levels in elder patients admitted through the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Oct;7(10):1156-9. [PubMed:11015250 ]
- Shimon I, Almog S, Vered Z, Seligmann H, Shefi M, Peleg E, Rosenthal T, Motro M, Halkin H, Ezra D: Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy. Am J Med. 1995 May;98(5):485-90. [PubMed:7733128 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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