Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:14:39 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000246 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Tetrahydrofuran |
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Description | Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a cyclic ether. It is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity and a smell similar to diethyl ether. At low concentrations it has a faint, fruity aroma. It is one of the most polar ethers. THF is naturally present in coffee aroma, floured chickpeas, and cooked chicken. It is used in the manufacture of polymers as well as agricultural, pharmaceutical, and commodity chemicals. Because of its widespread use (industrially) and its presence in many foods, THF is a contaminant of exposure and can appear in human biofluids. THF oxidizes readily, which can lead to instability and result in cytotoxicity. In chemical synthesis applications, THF is often used for hydroborations used to synthesize primary alcohols. THF is frequently used as a solvent for Grignard reagents because of the oxygen atom's ability to coordinate to the magnesium ion component of the Grignard reagent (an organometallic chemical reaction involving alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides). THF is often used in polymer science. For example, it can be used to dissolve rubber prior to determining its molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography. THF tends to form peroxides on storage in air. (PMID: 16999122 , 12742700 , 14619948 ). THF can be degraded by certain strains of Rhodococcus bacteria (PMID: 19230656 ). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C4H8O/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-4H2 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1,4-Epoxybutane | ChEBI | Butane alpha,delta-oxide | ChEBI | Butylene oxide | ChEBI | Furanidine | ChEBI | Tetramethylene oxide | ChEBI | THF | ChEBI | Butane a,delta-oxide | Generator | Butane α,δ-oxide | Generator | Butane a,δ-oxide | HMDB | 1,4-Epoxy-butane | HMDB | Butane a,D-oxide | HMDB | Cyclotetramethylene | HMDB | Cyclotetramethylene oxide | HMDB | Diethylene oxide | HMDB | Hydrofuran | HMDB | Oxacyclopentane | HMDB | Oxolane | HMDB | Polytetrahydrofuran | HMDB | Tetrahydrofuraan | HMDB | Tetrahydrofurane | HMDB | Tetrahydrofuranne | HMDB | Tetraidrofurano | HMDB | Tetrahydrofuran | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C4H8O |
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Average Molecular Weight | 72.1057 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 72.057514878 |
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IUPAC Name | oxolane |
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Traditional Name | tetrahydrofuran |
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CAS Registry Number | 109-99-9 |
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SMILES | C1CCOC1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H8O/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-4H2 |
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InChI Key | WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetrahydrofurans. These are heterocyclic compounds containing a saturated, aliphatic, five-membered ring where a carbon is replaced by an oxygen. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Tetrahydrofurans |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Tetrahydrofurans |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Tetrahydrofuran
- Oxacycle
- Ether
- Dialkyl ether
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Liquid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-15e25f01aff47ab7facc | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-5fecd52ae1047ea6ca80 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-a72cdfa78bc1624af6ee | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-15e25f01aff47ab7facc | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-5fecd52ae1047ea6ca80 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-a72cdfa78bc1624af6ee | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-002f-9000000000-3a492c8c5b590a04fe86 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0ab9-9000000000-66253634d3f27573c6e6 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0abc-9000000000-49362212e0db0e39a608 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00dl-9000000000-f307a5446840a5333e4f | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-15e25f01aff47ab7facc | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-5fecd52ae1047ea6ca80 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-a72cdfa78bc1624af6ee | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-57b4553c011e61c13302 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-633756c4cb26edc87875 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0007-9000000000-f7f21b58e32e3bbdc8e8 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-3191fdff289240be2d93 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-53ae58b025cd88229a02 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000f-9000000000-e2c11950e59178898ca9 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-6f602d2adfd99a361876 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-052f-9000000000-db869489a53547fd0e9a | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4r-9000000000-e32b752db8542e7e4c7e | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-9000000000-41ba71baeb0e935332bf | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-9000000000-4ffb3617277fb64e8592 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tetrahydrofuran 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-4e009d20cbcc725a95e3 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.3 (0.3-25.6) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Tetrahydrofuran exposure | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Tetrahydrofuran exposure |
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- Ong CN, Chia SE, Phoon WH, Tan KT: Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrahydrofuran. Br J Ind Med. 1991 Sep;48(9):616-21. [PubMed:1911404 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB021917 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00010358 |
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Chemspider ID | 7737 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | THF |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 8028 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 26911 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | rw1287631 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Li, Haixia; Yin, Hengbo; Jiang, Tingshun; Hu, Tongjie; Wu, Jing; Wada, Yuji. Cyclodehydration of 1,4-butanediol to tetrahydrofuran catalyzed by supported silicotungstic acid. Catalysis Communications (2006), 7(10), 778-782. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Dietzen DJ, Wilhite TR, Kenagy DN, Milliner DS, Smith CH, Landt M: Extraction of glyceric and glycolic acids from urine with tetrahydrofuran: utility in detection of primary hyperoxaluria. Clin Chem. 1997 Aug;43(8 Pt 1):1315-20. [PubMed:9267307 ]
- Sadler BM, Chittick GE, Polk RE, Slain D, Kerkering TM, Studenberg SD, Lou Y, Moore KH, Woolley JL, Stein DS: Metabolic disposition and pharmacokinetics of [14C]-amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor, administered as a single oral dose to healthy male subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;41(4):386-96. [PubMed:11304895 ]
- Ilett KF, Ethell BT, Maggs JL, Davis TM, Batty KT, Burchell B, Binh TQ, Thu le TA, Hung NC, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Edwards G: Glucuronidation of dihydroartemisinin in vivo and by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Sep;30(9):1005-12. [PubMed:12167566 ]
- Zhao B, Tham SY, Lu J, Lai MH, Lee LK, Moochhala SM: Simultaneous determination of vitamins C, E and beta-carotene in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2004 Jun 30;7(2):200-4. [PubMed:15367376 ]
- Unni LK, Becker RE: Determination of heptylphysostigmine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr. 1992 Jan 17;573(2):275-81. [PubMed:1601960 ]
- Clayton PT, Leonard JV, Lawson AM, Setchell KD, Andersson S, Egestad B, Sjovall J: Familial giant cell hepatitis associated with synthesis of 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-and 3 beta,7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5-cholenoic acids. J Clin Invest. 1987 Apr;79(4):1031-8. [PubMed:3470305 ]
- Breithaupt H, Wilfling M: Determination of mexiletine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1982 Jun 11;230(1):97-105. [PubMed:7107772 ]
- Imbenotte M, Azaroual N, Cartigny B, Vermeersch G, Lhermitte M: Identification and quantitation of xenobiotics by 1H NMR spectroscopy in poisoning cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2003 Apr 23;133(1-2):132-5. [PubMed:12742700 ]
- Mahendra S, Alvarez-Cohen L: Kinetics of 1,4-dioxane biodegradation by monooxygenase-expressing bacteria. Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Sep 1;40(17):5435-42. [PubMed:16999122 ]
- Authors unspecified: International Conference on Harmonisation; final recommendations on the revision of the permitted daily exposures for two solvents, n-methylpyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran, according to the maintenance procedures for the guidance Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents; Availability. Notice. Fed Regist. 2003 Nov 13;68(219):64352-3. [PubMed:14619948 ]
- Yao Y, Lv Z, Min H, Lv Z, Jiao H: Isolation, identification and characterization of a novel Rhodococcus sp. strain in biodegradation of tetrahydrofuran and its medium optimization using sequential statistics-based experimental designs. Bioresour Technol. 2009 Jun;100(11):2762-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.006. Epub 2009 Feb 18. [PubMed:19230656 ]
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