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Showing metabocard for gamma-Butyrolactone (HMDB0000549)

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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-07 16:24:31 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000549
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00549
Metabolite Identification
Common Namegamma-Butyrolactone
DescriptionGamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164 ). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood. Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates. Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Structure
Data?1582752139
MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)


  Mrv1652305271900132D          

  6  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    0.5678    1.9393    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5678    1.1143    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2352    0.6294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9803   -0.1553    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1553   -0.1553    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0997    0.6294    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)

Download
3D SDF for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)

  Mrv1652305271900132D          

  6  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    0.5678    1.9393    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5678    1.1143    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2352    0.6294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9803   -0.1553    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1553   -0.1553    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0997    0.6294    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000549

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
O=C1CCCO1

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C4H6O2/c5-4-2-1-3-6-4/h1-3H2

> <INCHI_KEY>
YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C4H6O2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
86.0892

> <EXACT_MASS>
86.036779436

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
12

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
8.23114899325824

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
oxolan-2-one

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-0.11

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
0.14955130566666652

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
0.44

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
1

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
-7.033665932739647

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
26.3

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
20.3081

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
2.38e+02 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
butyrolactone

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$

Download
3D-SDF for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)
https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/O=C1CCCO1/file?format=sdf&get3d...
 OpenBabel09142113213D
Jmol version 14.31.45  2021-07-21 05:08 EXTRACT: ({0:11})
 12 12  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -2.0069    0.0370   -0.0779 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8031    0.0199    0.0241 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0908    1.2404   -0.0159 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.5271    0.6822    0.0955 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3176   -0.8182   -0.2118 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0596   -1.0824    0.1955 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0370    1.7735   -0.9580 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1270    1.8979    0.8257 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1811    1.1425   -0.6451 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9206    0.8210    1.1024 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4472   -1.0103   -1.2769 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0082   -1.4264    0.3724 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
  3  8  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  4 10  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5 11  1  0  0  0  0
  5 12  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
$$$$

Download
PDB for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)
HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       1.060   3.620   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0       1.060   2.080   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0       2.306   1.175   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0       1.830  -0.290   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0       0.290  -0.290   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  O   UNK     0      -0.186   1.175   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2                                                            
CONECT    2    1    3    6                                                  
CONECT    3    2    4                                                       
CONECT    4    3    5                                                       
CONECT    5    4    6                                                       
CONECT    6    5    2                                                       
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    6    0   12    0
END

Download
3D PDB for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)
COMPND    https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/O=C1CCCO1/file?format=sdf&get3d... 
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY OPEN BABEL 3.1.0
HETATM    1  O   UNL     1      -2.007   0.037  -0.078  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    2  C   UNL     1      -0.803   0.020   0.024  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C   UNL     1       0.091   1.240  -0.016  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C   UNL     1       1.527   0.682   0.096  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C   UNL     1       1.318  -0.818  -0.212  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  O   UNL     1      -0.060  -1.082   0.196  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    7  H   UNL     1      -0.037   1.774  -0.958  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    8  H   UNL     1      -0.127   1.898   0.826  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H   UNL     1       2.181   1.143  -0.645  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H   UNL     1       1.921   0.821   1.102  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H   UNL     1       1.447  -1.010  -1.277  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H   UNL     1       2.008  -1.426   0.372  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    2                                                 
CONECT    2    1    1    3    6                                       
CONECT    3    2    4    7    8                                       
CONECT    4    3    5    9   10                                       
CONECT    5    4    6   11   12                                       
CONECT    6    5    2                                                 
CONECT    7    3                                                      
CONECT    8    3                                                      
CONECT    9    4                                                      
CONECT   10    4                                                      
CONECT   11    5                                                      
CONECT   12    5                                                      
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   12    0   12    0
END

Download
SMILES for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)
O=C1CCCO1
Download
INCHI for HMDB0000549 (gamma-Butyrolactone)
InChI=1S/C4H6O2/c5-4-2-1-3-6-4/h1-3H2
Download
View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
1,2-ButanolideChEBI
1,4-ButanolideChEBI
1,4-LactoneChEBI
4-ButyrolactoneChEBI
4-Deoxytetronic acidChEBI
4-Hydroxybutyric acid lactoneChEBI
ButyrolactoneChEBI
Dihydro-2(3H)-furanoneChEBI
gamma-ButanolactoneChEBI
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid lactoneChEBI
gamma-HydroxybutyrolactoneChEBI
Tetrahydrofuran-2-oneChEBI
4-DeoxytetronateGenerator
4-Hydroxybutyrate lactoneGenerator
g-ButanolactoneGenerator
Γ-butanolactoneGenerator
g-Hydroxybutyrate lactoneGenerator
g-Hydroxybutyric acid lactoneGenerator
gamma-Hydroxybutyrate lactoneGenerator
Γ-hydroxybutyrate lactoneGenerator
Γ-hydroxybutyric acid lactoneGenerator
g-HydroxybutyrolactoneGenerator
Γ-hydroxybutyrolactoneGenerator
g-ButyrolactoneGenerator
Γ-butyrolactoneGenerator
1-Oxacyclopentan-2-oneHMDB
2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-FuranoneHMDB
2-OxolanoneHMDB
2-OxotetrahydrofuranHMDB
4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-FuranoneHMDB
4-ButanolideHMDB
4-Hydroxy-butanoateHMDB
4-Hydroxy-butanoic acidHMDB
4-Hydroxy-butanoic acid g-lactoneHMDB
4-HydroxybutanoateHMDB
4-Hydroxybutanoic acidHMDB
4-Hydroxybutanoic acid lactoneHMDB
Butyric acid lactoneHMDB
g-ButalactoneHMDB
g-ButyryllactoneHMDB
gamma-ButalactoneHMDB
gamma-ButyryllactoneHMDB
GBLHMDB
Paint clean gHMDB
tetrahydro-2-FuranoneHMDB
4 ButyrolactoneMeSH, HMDB
gamma ButyrolactoneMeSH, HMDB
Furanone, tetrahydro 2MeSH, HMDB
1,4 ButanolideMeSH, HMDB
4 Hydroxybutyric acid lactoneMeSH, HMDB
Lactone, 4-hydroxybutyric acidMeSH, HMDB
gamma-ButyrolactoneMeSH
Chemical FormulaC4H6O2
Average Molecular Weight86.0892
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight86.036779436
IUPAC Nameoxolan-2-one
Traditional Namebutyrolactone
CAS Registry Number96-48-0
SMILES
O=C1CCCO1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H6O2/c5-4-2-1-3-6-4/h1-3H2
InChI KeyYEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds  
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds  
ClassLactones  
Sub ClassGamma butyrolactones  
Direct ParentGamma butyrolactones  
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gamma butyrolactone
    • 

  • Tetrahydrofuran
    • 

  • Carboxylic acid ester
    • 

  • Oxacycle
    • 

  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
    • 

  • Carboxylic acid derivative
    • 

  • Organic oxygen compound
    • 

  • Organic oxide
    • 

  • Hydrocarbon derivative
    • 

  • Organooxygen compound
    • 

  • Carbonyl group
    • 

  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effect:
Disposition
Route of exposure:
Source:
Biological location:
Role
Indirect biological role:
Industrial application:
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-45 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility1000 mg/mLNot Available
LogP-0.64HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility238 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.11ALOGPS
logP0.15ChemAxon
logS0.44ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area26.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity20.31 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability8.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Spectral Properties
Collision Cross Sections
NameAdductTypeData SourceValueReference
DarkChem[M+H]+PredictedNot Available115.28231661259  
DarkChem[M-H]-PredictedNot Available109.71131661259  
AllCCS[M+H]+PredictedNot Available117.71832859911  
AllCCS[M-H]-PredictedNot Available118.24632859911  
Retention Indices
Underivatized
Not Available
Derivatized
Not Available
Spectra
GC-MS
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004l-9000000000-500445dc73cb69119e6b2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-c2f6d51e7b2f9ce1e9f12017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-002f-9000000000-d3df175d3315ed446e142017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-004l-9000000000-500445dc73cb69119e6b2018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-c2f6d51e7b2f9ce1e9f12018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-002f-9000000000-d3df175d3315ed446e142018-05-18View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-002f-9000000000-bd4b413f20907d13a1072016-09-22View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-004l-9000000000-2fc3f4165b5808b41e932014-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-4a6de93563809aa51a332012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-4a6de93563809aa51a332012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-b5163f6eb1e8004e61a92012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positivesplash10-004l-9000000000-1066d349a6023c66dd642012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (JEOL JMS-D-3000) , Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-c2f6d51e7b2f9ce1e9f12012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positivesplash10-002f-9000000000-d3df175d3315ed446e142012-08-31View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-fb7c9ada825a0c62979f2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Negativesplash10-000l-9000000000-95fda8a898d02f7e71ff2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Negativesplash10-000l-9000000000-c8282365f175b61ca8c02016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-ec20127c74818b1f634d2021-09-06View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Negativesplash10-052r-9000000000-86d21b481322417edf812021-09-06View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-4f454124d6cece18a2122021-09-06View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Positivesplash10-000i-9000000000-507998514018a44c4cf02016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Positivesplash10-000l-9000000000-d4ec4947321dfb11fab42016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-b2a1436205f5365513b02016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Positivesplash10-000i-9000000000-709821dd006aa045c8b02021-09-07View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-ffe2d9473d85a58305c12021-09-07View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-a4219a074939d10a0f5f2021-09-07View Spectrum
NMR
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2014-09-23View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)2012-12-05View Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
    • 

  • Feces
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
    • 

  • Neuron
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.28 +/- 0.16 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB04699  
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB003392  
KNApSAcK IDC00053167  
Chemspider ID7029  
KEGG Compound IDC01770  
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGamma-Butyrolactone  
METLIN ID5533  
PubChem Compound7302  
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID42639  
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceZhu, Yulei; Li, Yongwang; Xiang, Hongwei; Su, Hualian; Wu, Jiaxiang.  Process for preparation of g-butyrolactone with high yield and selectivity.    Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu  (2001), 13 pp. 
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Fukui Y, Matsusima E, Muramoto K, Nagai N, Ohama K, Yamashita K: Validation of a simple gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of gamma-butyrolactone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Feb 25;785(1):73-80. [PubMed:12535840  ] 
  2. Thupari JN, Landree LE, Ronnett GV, Kuhajda FP: C75 increases peripheral energy utilization and fatty acid oxidation in diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 9;99(14):9498-502. Epub 2002 Jun 11. [PubMed:12060712  ] 
  3. Wood M, Laloup M, Samyn N, Morris MR, de Bruijn EA, Maes RA, Young MS, Maes V, De Boeck G: Simultaneous analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and its precursors in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Nov 12;1056(1-2):83-90. [PubMed:15595536  ] 
  4. Quintanilla RA, Orellana DI, Gonzalez-Billault C, Maccioni RB: Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5/p35 pathway. Exp Cell Res. 2004 Apr 15;295(1):245-57. [PubMed:15051507  ] 
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