Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Levulinic acid (HMDB0000720)

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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References XML

Record Information

Version

4.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2020-02-26 21:22:32 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000720

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00720

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Levulinic acid

Description

Levulinic acid, also known as laevulinsaeure or levulate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. Levulinic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Levulinic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Levulinic acid is a sweet, acetoin, and acidic tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Levulinic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as cereals and cereal products, green vegetables, fruits, alcoholic beverages, and root vegetables. This could make levulinic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
3-Acetylpropionic acid	ChEBI
3-Ketobutane-1-carboxylic acid	ChEBI
4-Ketovaleric acid	ChEBI
4-Oxovaleric acid	ChEBI
beta-Acetylpropionic acid	ChEBI
gamma-Ketovaleric acid	ChEBI
LAEVULINIC ACID	ChEBI
Laevulinsaeure	ChEBI
LEVA	ChEBI
Levulic acid	ChEBI
Levulinsaeure	ChEBI
3-Acetylpropionate	Generator
3-Ketobutane-1-carboxylate	Generator
4-Ketovalerate	Generator
4-Oxovalerate	Generator
b-Acetylpropionate	Generator
b-Acetylpropionic acid	Generator
beta-Acetylpropionate	Generator
Β-acetylpropionate	Generator
Β-acetylpropionic acid	Generator
g-Ketovalerate	Generator
g-Ketovaleric acid	Generator
gamma-Ketovalerate	Generator
Γ-ketovalerate	Generator
Γ-ketovaleric acid	Generator
LAEVULINate	Generator
Levulate	Generator
Levulinate	Generator
4-Oxopentanoate	HMDB
4-Oxopentanoic acid	HMDB
Diasporal	HMDB
Levulinic acid, sodium salt	HMDB
Magnesium diasporal	HMDB
Calcium levulate	HMDB
Magnesium levulinate	HMDB
Calcium levulinate	HMDB
Levulinic acid, ammonium salt	HMDB
Levulinic acid, calcium salt	HMDB
Magnesium laevulinate	HMDB
Levulinic acid	ChEBI

Chemical Formula

C₅H₈O₃

Average Molecular Weight

116.1152

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

116.047344122

IUPAC Name

4-oxopentanoic acid

Traditional Name

levulinic acid

CAS Registry Number

123-76-2

SMILES

CC(=O)CCC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)

InChI Key

JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Keto acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Gamma-keto acids and derivatives

Direct Parent

Gamma-keto acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Gamma-keto acid
Short-chain keto acid
Ketone
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

oxopentanoic acid (CHEBI:45630 )
straight-chain saturated fatty acid (CHEBI:45630 )
Oxo fatty acids (LMFA01060006 )

Ontology

Ingestion

Source:

Biological:

Plant:

Poaceae

Biological location:

Cell and elements:

Cell:

Nerve cell

Subcellular:

Cytoplasm

Biofluid and excreta:

Role

Industrial application:

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	30 - 33 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	Not Available	Not Available
LogP	-0.49	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	139 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-0.14	ALOGPS
logP	-0.069	ChemAxon
logS	0.08	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.32	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-7.3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	54.37 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	27.09 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	11.23 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS)	splash10-0ug0-6900000000-1e5d9b8d9a359287a6b0	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS)	splash10-0ug0-6900000000-ffad5af79457e68cca02	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0006-9000000000-dd0d17209893b2b71d10	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0006-9000000000-0b0447e3daa65b1cd932	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0006-9000000000-e0d39a4a978220036faa	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ug0-6900000000-1e5d9b8d9a359287a6b0	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ug0-6900000000-ffad5af79457e68cca02	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-beecc1bba7b8b0ca4201	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00fr-9500000000-8c1e2090296fa71bf0d0	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00xr-9400000000-923a1fccce36ba18d088	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-01vo-9300000000-2c09d37e792efac90655	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0303-9800000000-d158f0c32e82eca0ef90	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-dd0d17209893b2b71d10	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-00kb-9400000000-1043277f0ad49a5664a3	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-006t-9100000000-0a0fca12836c8c8ba113	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0zfr-9000000000-247961be84518f0ebcda	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-014i-3900000000-b8133a0e2c97f98cef46	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-01b9-9600000000-e133b145c780f2c290d3	Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-052e-9000000000-6ff5c46cdc591b725694	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Feces
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Neuron

Pathways

Not Available

Name	SMPDB/Pathwhiz	KEGG

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Expected but not Quantified		Not Available	Not Available	Normal		details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27543620	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	25037050	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	29808030	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.691 +/- 5.255 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.87 (0.31-1.92) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	9869358	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.3 (0.4-2.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.28 (0.33-2.75) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	9869358	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.7 (0.6-2.5) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	27015276	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25037050	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Attachment loss	31026179	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Missing teeth	31026179	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Periodontal Probing Depth	31026179	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	8.873 +/- 7.994 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified		Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Bladder cancer	28157703	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	414.784 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Colorectal cancer
Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ] Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Attachment loss
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Missing teeth
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Periodontal Probing Depth
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
(). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB02239

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB003296

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

11091

KEGG Compound ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Levulinic_acid

METLIN ID

2195

PubChem Compound

11579

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

45630

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Cai, Lei; Lu, Xiuyang; He, Long; Xia, Wenli; Ren, Qilong. Review on preparation methods of levulinic acid, a new platform chemical. Xiandai Huagong (2003), 23(4), 14-16.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Lopez Montes A, Lorenzo I, Perez Martinez J: [Porphyria and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome]. Nefrologia. 2004;24 Suppl 3:85-8. [PubMed:15219077 ]
Ohdoi C, Nyhan WL, Kuhara T: Chemical diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 15;792(1):123-30. [PubMed:12829005 ]
Melgaard B, Clausen J, Rastogi SC: Heavy metal levels and delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydrase levels in peripheral polyneuropathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1976 Apr;53(4):291-307. [PubMed:178141 ]
Matsui M, Kaji R, Oka N, Nishio T, Kimura J: [Multifocal axonal motor neuropathy associated with anti-ganglioside antibodies]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1992 Oct;32(10):1130-5. [PubMed:1297559 ]
Lee SH, Kim SO, Chung BC: Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of urinary oxoacids using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxime-trimethylsilyl ester derivatization and cation-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 Nov 20;719(1-2):1-7. [PubMed:9869358 ]
Keithly L, Ferris Wayne G, Cullen DM, Connolly GN: Industry research on the use and effects of levulinic acid: a case study in cigarette additives. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005 Oct;7(5):761-71. [PubMed:16191747 ]
Endo G, Horiguchi S, Kiyota I: Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in lead-exposed workers. J Appl Toxicol. 1990 Aug;10(4):235-8. [PubMed:2391405 ]

Showing metabocard for Levulinic acid (HMDB0000720)

Structure for HMDB0000720 (Levulinic acid)