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Showing metabocard for Azelaic acid (HMDB0000784)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (3) Show 3 proteinsXML
enzymes (3) Show 3 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:15:10 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000784
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00784
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAzelaic acid
DescriptionAzelaic acid (AZA) is a naturally occurring saturated nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid (COOH (CH2)7-COOH). It possesses a variety of biological actions both in vitro and in vivo. Interest in the biological activity of AZA arose originally out of studies of skin surface lipids and the pathogenesis of hypochromia in pityriasis versicolor infection. Later, it was shown that Pityrosporum can oxidize unsaturated fatty acids to C8-C12 dicarboxylic acids that are cornpetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase in vitro. Azelaic acid was chosen for further investigation and development of a new topical drug for treating hyperpigmentary disorders for the following reasons: it possesses a middle-range of antityrosinase activity, is inexpensive, and more soluble to be incorporated into a base cream than other dicarboxylic acids. Azelaic acid is another option for the topical treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. It offers effectiveness similar to that of other agents without the systemic side effects of oral antibiotics or the allergic sensitization of topical benzoyl peroxide and with less irritation than tretinoin. Azelaic acid is less expensive than certain other prescription acne preparations, but it is much more expensive than nonprescription benzoyl peroxide preparations. Whether it is safe and effective when used in combination with other agents is not known. (PMID: 7737781 , 8961845 ).
Structure
Data?1676999710
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)


  Mrv1652309272007272D          

 13 12  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9987.6752 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9988.3888 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.1045 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.8202 9985.6105    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.1045 9986.8479    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9986.9575 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9986.2428 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9985.5279 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9984.8130 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9984.0979 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9983.3831 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9982.6682 9985.6105    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9983.3831 9986.8479    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  5  2  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  1  0  0  0  0
 11 13  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

HMDB0000784
     RDKit          3D
Azelaic acid
 29 28  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -4.9974    0.0468   -2.2837 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.4621    0.1986   -1.1584 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.1988    0.8011   -0.1631 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0833   -0.2451   -0.8795 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.7426    0.0311    0.5444 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3358   -0.3951    0.9007 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2821    0.3024    0.0843 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0607   -0.2322    0.5627 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2163    0.4026   -0.1915 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.4848   -0.1914    0.3559 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6954    0.3346   -0.2836 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6632    1.1937   -1.1957 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.9313   -0.1326    0.1317 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.9588    0.6277    0.7954 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3524    0.1777   -1.6004 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0602   -1.3448   -1.0431 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.4069   -0.6156    1.1734 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.9002    1.0654    0.8482 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1763   -0.0857    1.9590 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1735   -1.4713    0.8517 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3834    0.1293   -1.0035 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2740    1.3887    0.3099 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0500   -1.3169    0.3992 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1129   -0.0085    1.6445 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1087    0.1714   -1.2708 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2034    1.5065   -0.1003 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.5364    0.0262    1.4497 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.4670   -1.2851    0.2610 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.2578   -1.0794   -0.0425 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  1  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 11 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  6 19  1  0
  6 20  1  0
  7 21  1  0
  7 22  1  0
  8 23  1  0
  8 24  1  0
  9 25  1  0
  9 26  1  0
 10 27  1  0
 10 28  1  0
 13 29  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)


  Mrv1652309272007272D          

 13 12  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9987.6752 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9988.3888 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.1045 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.8202 9985.6105    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9989.1045 9986.8479    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9986.9575 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9986.2428 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9985.5279 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9984.8130 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9984.0979 9985.6105    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9983.3831 9986.0223    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9982.6682 9985.6105    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9983.3831 9986.8479    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  5  2  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  1  0  0  0  0
 11 13  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000784

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)

> <INCHI_KEY>
BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C9H16O4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
188.2209

> <EXACT_MASS>
188.104859

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
29

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
20.504953678260282

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
1

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
nonanedioic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
1.37

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
1.8243603576666663

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-1.92

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-2

> <JCHEM_PKA>
4.9803358868575005

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
4.147810514884144

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
74.6

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
46.542

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
8

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
2.28e+00 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
azelaic acid

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

HMDB0000784
     RDKit          3D
Azelaic acid
 29 28  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -4.9974    0.0468   -2.2837 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.4621    0.1986   -1.1584 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.1988    0.8011   -0.1631 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0833   -0.2451   -0.8795 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.7426    0.0311    0.5444 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3358   -0.3951    0.9007 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2821    0.3024    0.0843 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0607   -0.2322    0.5627 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2163    0.4026   -0.1915 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.4848   -0.1914    0.3559 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6954    0.3346   -0.2836 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6632    1.1937   -1.1957 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.9313   -0.1326    0.1317 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.9588    0.6277    0.7954 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3524    0.1777   -1.6004 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0602   -1.3448   -1.0431 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.4069   -0.6156    1.1734 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.9002    1.0654    0.8482 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1763   -0.0857    1.9590 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1735   -1.4713    0.8517 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.3834    0.1293   -1.0035 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.2740    1.3887    0.3099 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0500   -1.3169    0.3992 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1129   -0.0085    1.6445 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1087    0.1714   -1.2708 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.2034    1.5065   -0.1003 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.5364    0.0262    1.4497 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.4670   -1.2851    0.2610 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.2578   -1.0794   -0.0425 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  1  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 11 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  6 19  1  0
  6 20  1  0
  7 21  1  0
  7 22  1  0
  8 23  1  0
  8 24  1  0
  9 25  1  0
  9 26  1  0
 10 27  1  0
 10 28  1  0
 13 29  1  0
M  END
Download

PDB for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-SEP-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-SEP-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0    8643.6608640.575   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0    8644.9928639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0    8646.3288640.575   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0    8647.6648639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  O   UNK     0    8646.3288642.116   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0    8642.3218639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0    8640.9878640.575   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0    8639.6528639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0    8638.3188640.575   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0    8636.9838639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0    8635.6488640.575   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  O   UNK     0    8634.3148639.806   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   13  O   UNK     0    8635.6488642.116   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2    6                                                       
CONECT    2    1    3                                                       
CONECT    3    2    4    5                                                  
CONECT    4    3                                                            
CONECT    5    3                                                            
CONECT    6    1    7                                                       
CONECT    7    6    8                                                       
CONECT    8    7    9                                                       
CONECT    9    8   10                                                       
CONECT   10    9   11                                                       
CONECT   11   10   12   13                                                  
CONECT   12   11                                                            
CONECT   13   11                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   13    0   24    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

COMPND    HMDB0000784
HETATM    1  O1  UNL     1      -4.997   0.047  -2.284  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1      -4.462   0.199  -1.158  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  O2  UNL     1      -5.199   0.801  -0.163  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    4  C2  UNL     1      -3.083  -0.245  -0.880  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C3  UNL     1      -2.743   0.031   0.544  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C4  UNL     1      -1.336  -0.395   0.901  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  C5  UNL     1      -0.282   0.302   0.084  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  C6  UNL     1       1.061  -0.232   0.563  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  C7  UNL     1       2.216   0.403  -0.192  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  C8  UNL     1       3.485  -0.191   0.356  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  C9  UNL     1       4.695   0.335  -0.284  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   12  O3  UNL     1       4.663   1.194  -1.196  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   13  O4  UNL     1       5.931  -0.133   0.132  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   14  H1  UNL     1      -4.959   0.628   0.795  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H2  UNL     1      -2.352   0.178  -1.600  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H3  UNL     1      -3.060  -1.345  -1.043  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H4  UNL     1      -3.407  -0.616   1.173  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H5  UNL     1      -2.900   1.065   0.848  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H6  UNL     1      -1.176  -0.086   1.959  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H7  UNL     1      -1.174  -1.471   0.852  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H8  UNL     1      -0.383   0.129  -1.004  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H9  UNL     1      -0.274   1.389   0.310  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H10 UNL     1       1.050  -1.317   0.399  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H11 UNL     1       1.113  -0.009   1.645  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H12 UNL     1       2.109   0.171  -1.271  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   26  H13 UNL     1       2.203   1.506  -0.100  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   27  H14 UNL     1       3.536   0.026   1.450  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   28  H15 UNL     1       3.467  -1.285   0.261  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   29  H16 UNL     1       6.258  -1.079  -0.042  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    2
CONECT    2    3    4
CONECT    3   14
CONECT    4    5   15   16
CONECT    5    6   17   18
CONECT    6    7   19   20
CONECT    7    8   21   22
CONECT    8    9   23   24
CONECT    9   10   25   26
CONECT   10   11   27   28
CONECT   11   12   12   13
CONECT   13   29
END
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SMILES for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0000784 (Azelaic acid)

InChI=1S/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)
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Synonyms
ValueSource
1,7-DicarboxyheptaneChEBI
1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acidChEBI
1,9-Nonanedioic acidChEBI
Acide azelaiqueChEBI
Acidum azelaicumChEBI
Anchoic acidChEBI
AzelainsaeureChEBI
AzelexChEBI
FinaceaChEBI
Lepargylic acidChEBI
N-Nonanedioic acidChEBI
NonandisaeureChEBI
SkinorenChEBI
Nonanedioic acidKegg
1,7-HeptanedicarboxylateGenerator
1,9-NonanedioateGenerator
AnchoateGenerator
LepargylateGenerator
N-NonanedioateGenerator
NonanedioateGenerator
AzelaateGenerator
Azalaic acidHMDB
AzelaicacidtechHMDB
Azelainic acidHMDB
AzelateHMDB
Emerox 1110HMDB
Emerox 1144HMDB
Emery'S L-110HMDB
FinevinHMDB
Heptanedicarboxylic acidHMDB
Nonanedioic acid azelaic acidHMDB
Nonanedioic acid homopolymerHMDB
Poly(azelaic anhydride)HMDB
Polyazelaic anhydrideHMDB
SkinoremHMDB
Azelaic acid, dilithium saltHMDB
Azelaic acid, dipotassium saltHMDB
Azelaic acid, disodium saltHMDB
Azelaic acid, monosodium saltHMDB
Azelaic acid, potassium saltHMDB
Azelaic acid, sodium saltHMDB
Monosodium azelateHMDB
Azelaic acidPhytoBank
Azelic acidPhytoBank
alpha,omega-Nonanedioic acidPhytoBank
α,ω-Nonanedioic acidPhytoBank
Chemical FormulaC9H16O4
Average Molecular Weight188.2209
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight188.104859
IUPAC Namenonanedioic acid
Traditional Nameazelaic acid
CAS Registry Number123-99-9
SMILES
OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)
InChI KeyBDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acids and conjugates
Direct ParentMedium-chain fatty acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Industrial applicationBiological role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point106.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility2.4 mg/mLNot Available
LogP1.57HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-MetCCS_train_neg137.37830932474
[M-H]-Not Available139.3http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000214
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.28 g/LALOGPS
logP1.37ALOGPS
logP1.82ChemAxon
logS-1.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.15ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area74.6 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count8ChemAxon
Refractivity46.54 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability20.5 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+144.19131661259
DarkChem[M-H]-140.94531661259
AllCCS[M+H]+142.68532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-143.77932859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+141.96430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-138.19630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-175.08130932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+150.78830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+142.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+139.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+146.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+147.132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-143.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-145.132859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-146.632859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.4.99 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 202210.4679 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20222.68 minutes32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid60.3 seconds40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid1648.8 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid283.0 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid125.5 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid181.6 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid252.5 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid355.1 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid412.7 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)125.4 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid885.0 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid343.4 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid1075.6 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid277.1 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid298.7 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate462.1 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA218.5 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water280.0 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Azelaic acidOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O2556.0Standard polar33892256
Azelaic acidOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O1475.1Standard non polar33892256
Azelaic acidOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O1675.4Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Azelaic acid,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O1709.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Azelaic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1812.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Azelaic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O1956.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Azelaic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2282.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Sweat
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Epidermis
  • Prostate
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified27.0 (0.0-58.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified101 +/- 72.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified17.0 +/- 17.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0648 +/- 0.127 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.221 +/- 0.218 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1.69 +/- 0.876 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1.73 +/- 1.02 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2.06 +/- 1.85 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2.74 +/- 1.71 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SweatDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.6 (0.1-4.4) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.0-6.3 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-4.4 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Male
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-3.8 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Male
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-2.1 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.3 (1.0-11.7) umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.7 (0.6-17.6) umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.8 (1.3-15) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.45-0.81 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.50-1.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.033 +/- 4.649 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.382 +/- 1.998 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.9 (1.2-3.2) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.8 (1.8-4.8) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.21 +/- 1.67 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNot Available details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.5 (0.1-12.3) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
gastric cancer		 details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
superficial gastric cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleAttachment loss  details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleMissing teeth details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MalePeriodontal Probing Depth details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.791 +/- 3.255 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.782 +/- 5.227 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.726 +/- 11.681 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Stomach cancer
  1. Yu L, Aa J, Xu J, Sun M, Qian S, Cheng L, Yang S, Shi R: Metabolomic phenotype of gastric cancer and precancerous stages based on gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Aug;26(8):1290-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06724.x. [PubMed:21443661 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  2. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  3. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Attachment loss
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Missing teeth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Periodontal Probing Depth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00548
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB012192
KNApSAcK IDC00045634
Chemspider ID2179
KEGG Compound IDC08261
BioCyc IDCPD0-1265
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAzelaic_Acid
METLIN ID5750
PubChem Compound2266
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID48131
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDC08261
MarkerDB IDMDB00000251
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceChen, Song; Yan, Jinlong. Synthesis of azelaic acid by chemical oxidation with oleic acid. Pige Huagong (2003), 20(6), 31-35.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed:8412012 ]
  3. Mayer-da-Silva A, Gollnick H, Detmar M, Gassmuller J, Parry A, Muller R, Orfanos CE: Effects of azelaic acid on sebaceous gland, sebum excretion rate and keratinization pattern in human skin. An in vivo and in vitro study. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989;143:20-30. [PubMed:2475995 ]
  4. Hermanns JF, Petit L, Martalo O, Pierard-Franchimont C, Cauwenbergh G, Pierard GE: Unraveling the patterns of subclinical pheomelanin-enriched facial hyperpigmentation: effect of depigmenting agents. Dermatology. 2000;201(2):118-22. [PubMed:11053913 ]
  5. Korman SH, Mandel H, Gutman A: Characteristic urine organic acid profile in peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2000 Jun;23(4):425-8. [PubMed:10896310 ]
  6. Rocamora V, Puig L, Romani J, de Moragas JM: Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Cutis. 1999 Jul;64(1):53-6. [PubMed:10431675 ]
  7. Russell JJ: Topical therapy for acne. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Jan 15;61(2):357-66. [PubMed:10670502 ]
  8. Webster G: Combination azelaic acid therapy for acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Aug;43(2 Pt 3):S47-50. [PubMed:10898830 ]
  9. Del Rosso JQ: A status report on the medical management of rosacea: focus on topical therapies. Cutis. 2002 Nov;70(5):271-5. [PubMed:12469780 ]
  10. Liao DC: Management of acne. J Fam Pract. 2003 Jan;52(1):43-51. [PubMed:12540312 ]
  11. Del Rosso JQ: Medical treatment of rosacea with emphasis on topical therapies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Jan;5(1):5-13. [PubMed:14680431 ]
  12. Wolf JE Jr: The role of topical metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea. Cutis. 2004 Jan;73(1 Suppl):19-28. [PubMed:14959942 ]
  13. Frampton JE, Wagstaff AJ: Azelaic acid 15% gel: in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(1):57-64. [PubMed:14979745 ]
  14. Halder RM, Richards GM: Management of dyschromias in ethnic skin. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(2):151-7. [PubMed:15113282 ]
  15. Halder RM, Richards GM: Topical agents used in the management of hyperpigmentation. Skin Therapy Lett. 2004 Jun-Jul;9(6):1-3. [PubMed:15334278 ]
  16. Lindow KB: Rosacea. An overview of diagnosis and management. Adv Nurse Pract. 2004 Dec;12(12):27-32. [PubMed:15615217 ]
  17. Cayce KA, McMichael AJ, Feldman SR: Hyperpigmentation: an overview of the common afflictions. Dermatol Nurs. 2004 Oct;16(5):401-6, 413-6; quiz 417. [PubMed:15624705 ]
  18. Wolf JE Jr: Present and future rosacea therapy. Cutis. 2005 Mar;75(3 Suppl):4-7; discussion 33-6. [PubMed:15810803 ]
  19. van Zuuren EJ, Graber MA: The rigor of trials evaluating Rosacea treatments. Cutis. 2005 Mar;75(3 Suppl):13-6; discussion 33-6. [PubMed:15810805 ]
  20. Purdy S: Acne vulgaris. Clin Evid. 2005 Jun;(13):2038-59. [PubMed:16135322 ]
  21. Roebuck HL: Face up to rosacea. Nurse Pract. 2005 Sep;30(9):24-30, 35; quiz 36-7. [PubMed:16151303 ]
  22. Callender VD: Considerations for treating acne in ethnic skin. Cutis. 2005 Aug;76(2 Suppl):19-23. [PubMed:16164153 ]
  23. Nally JB, Berson DS: Topical therapies for rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006 Jan;5(1):23-6. [PubMed:16468288 ]
  24. Fleischer AB Jr: The evolution of azelaic acid. Cutis. 2006 Feb;77(2 Suppl):4-6. [PubMed:16566281 ]
  25. Draelos ZD: The rationale for advancing the formulation of azelaic acid vehicles. Cutis. 2006 Feb;77(2 Suppl):7-11. [PubMed:16566282 ]
  26. Elewski B, Thiboutot D: A clinical overview of azelaic acid. Cutis. 2006 Feb;77(2 Suppl):12-6. [PubMed:16566283 ]
  27. Del Rosso JQ: The use of topical azelaic acid for common skin disorders other than inflammatory rosacea. Cutis. 2006 Feb;77(2 Suppl):22-4. [PubMed:16566285 ]
  28. Worret WI, Fluhr JW: [Acne therapy with topical benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics and azelaic acid]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2006 Apr;4(4):293-300. [PubMed:16638058 ]
  29. Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, Farmer ER: Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Aug;142(8):1047-52. [PubMed:16924055 ]
  30. Goodman G: Managing acne vulgaris effectively. Aust Fam Physician. 2006 Sep;35(9):705-9. [PubMed:16969442 ]
  31. Purdy S: Acne vulgaris. Clin Evid. 2006 Jun;(15):2183-201. [PubMed:16973084 ]
  32. Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, Taylor S: The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Dec;55(6):1048-65. Epub 2006 Sep 28. [PubMed:17097400 ]
  33. Fitton A, Goa KL: Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders. Drugs. 1991 May;41(5):780-98. [PubMed:1712709 ]
  34. van Zuuren EJ, Gupta AK, Gover MD, Graber M, Hollis S: Systematic review of rosacea treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):107-15. Epub 2006 Nov 7. [PubMed:17190628 ]
  35. Gupta AK, Gover MD: Azelaic acid (15% gel) in the treatment of acne rosacea. Int J Dermatol. 2007 May;46(5):533-8. [PubMed:17472690 ]
  36. Nguyen QH, Bui TP: Azelaic acid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne. Int J Dermatol. 1995 Feb;34(2):75-84. [PubMed:7737781 ]
  37. Mackrides PS, Shaughnessy AF: Azelaic acid therapy for acne. Am Fam Physician. 1996 Dec;54(8):2457-9. [PubMed:8961845 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Tyrosinase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:
TYR
Uniprot ID:
P14679
Molecular weight:
60392.69
References
  1. Schallreuter KU, Wood JW: A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1990;282(3):168-71. [PubMed:2114832 ]
  2. Nazzaro-Porro M: Azelaic acid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Dec;17(6):1033-41. [PubMed:2963038 ]
  3. Picardo M, Passi S, Sirianni MC, Fiorilli M, Russo GD, Cortesi E, Barile G, Breathnach AS, Nazzaro-Porro M: Activity of azelaic acid on cultures of lymphoma- and leukemia-derived cell lines, normal resting and stimulated lymphocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 May 15;34(10):1653-8. [PubMed:4004885 ]
  4. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Balus L, Breathnach A, Martin B, Morpurgo G: Effect of dicarboxylic acids on lentigo maligna. J Invest Dermatol. 1979 Jun;72(6):296-305. [PubMed:448162 ]
Enzyme Details
2. 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates.
Gene Name:
AKR1D1
Uniprot ID:
P51857
Molecular weight:
32889.38
References
  1. Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I: Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Nov;119(5):627-32. [PubMed:3207614 ]
Enzyme Details
3. 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2
General function:
Involved in 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase activity
Specific function:
Converts testosterone (T) into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and androgen physiology.
Gene Name:
SRD5A2
Uniprot ID:
P31213
Molecular weight:
28407.035
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I: Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Nov;119(5):627-32. [PubMed:3207614 ]