Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:06 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000852 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | beta-Sitosterol |
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Description | beta-Sitosterol, a main dietary phytosterol found in plants, may have the potential for prevention and therapy for human cancer. Phytosterols are plant sterols found in foods such as oils, nuts, and vegetables. Phytosterols, in the same way as cholesterol, contain a double bond and are susceptible to oxidation, and are characterized by anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic properties (PMID:13129445 , 11432711 ). beta-Sitosterol is a phytopharmacological extract containing a mixture of phytosterols, with smaller amounts of other sterols, bonded with glucosides. These phytosterols are commonly derived from the South African star grass, Hypoxis rooperi, or from species of Pinus and Picea. The purported active constituent is termed beta-sitosterol. Additionally, the quantity of beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside is often reported. Although the exact mechanism of action of beta-sitosterols is unknown, it may be related to cholesterol metabolism or anti-inflammatory effects (via interference with prostaglandin metabolism). Compared with placebo, beta-sitosterol improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures (PMID:10368239 ). A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. This finding indicates that beta-sitosterol can be used as a biomarker of exposure in observational studies or as a compliance indicator in dietary intervention studies of cancer prevention (PMID:14652381 ). beta-Sitosterol induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (PMID:12579296 ). |
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Structure | [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CC[C@@H](CC)C(C)C InChI=1S/C29H50O/c1-7-21(19(2)3)9-8-20(4)25-12-13-26-24-11-10-22-18-23(30)14-16-28(22,5)27(24)15-17-29(25,26)6/h10,19-21,23-27,30H,7-9,11-18H2,1-6H3/t20-,21-,23+,24+,25-,26+,27+,28+,29-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(-)-beta-Sitosterol | ChEBI | (24R)-Ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol | ChEBI | (24R)-Stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol | ChEBI | (3beta)-Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | ChEBI | 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol | ChEBI | 24alpha-Ethylcholesterol | ChEBI | alpha-Dihydrofucosterol | ChEBI | Azuprostat | ChEBI | beta-Sitosterin | ChEBI | Cupreol | ChEBI | Nimbosterol | ChEBI | Triastonal | ChEBI | Sitosterol | Kegg | Harzol | Kegg | (-)-b-Sitosterol | Generator | (-)-Β-sitosterol | Generator | (24R)-Ethylcholest-5-en-3b-ol | Generator | (24R)-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | Generator | (24R)-Stigmast-5-en-3b-ol | Generator | (24R)-Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol | Generator | (3b)-Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | Generator | (3Β)-stigmast-5-en-3-ol | Generator | 24a-Ethylcholesterol | Generator | 24Α-ethylcholesterol | Generator | a-Dihydrofucosterol | Generator | Α-dihydrofucosterol | Generator | b-Sitosterin | Generator | Β-sitosterin | Generator | b-Sitosterol | Generator | Β-sitosterol | Generator | 24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3 beta-ol | HMDB | 24-Ethylcholesterol | HMDB | 3beta-Sitosterol | HMDB | 3beta-Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | HMDB | Clionasterol | HMDB | Sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer | HMDB | 22,23-Dihydro-stigmasterol | HMDB | a-Phytosterol | HMDB | alpha-Phytosterol | HMDB | Angelicin | HMDB | beta-Phytosterol | HMDB | Cinchol | HMDB | D5-Stigmasten-3b-ol | HMDB | Delta5-Stigmasten-3b-ol | HMDB | Phytosterol | HMDB | Prostasal | HMDB | Quebrachol | HMDB | Rhamnol | HMDB | Sito-lande | HMDB | Sobatum | HMDB | Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | HMDB | Stigmast-5-en-3b-ol | HMDB | Stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol | HMDB | Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol | HMDB | delta5-Stigmasten-3beta-ol | HMDB | Δ5-stigmasten-3β-ol | HMDB | Α-phytosterol | HMDB | Rhammol | HMDB | Δ5-stigmasten-3beta-ol | HMDB | beta-Sitosterol | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C29H50O |
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Average Molecular Weight | 414.718 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 414.38616623 |
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IUPAC Name | (1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol |
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Traditional Name | (1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol |
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CAS Registry Number | 83-46-5 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CC[C@@H](CC)C(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C29H50O/c1-7-21(19(2)3)9-8-20(4)25-12-13-26-24-11-10-22-18-23(30)14-16-28(22,5)27(24)15-17-29(25,26)6/h10,19-21,23-27,30H,7-9,11-18H2,1-6H3/t20-,21-,23+,24+,25-,26+,27+,28+,29-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | KZJWDPNRJALLNS-VJSFXXLFSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as stigmastanes and derivatives. These are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Steroids and steroid derivatives |
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Sub Class | Stigmastanes and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Stigmastanes and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - C24-propyl-sterol-skeleton
- Stigmastane-skeleton
- Triterpenoid
- 3-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
- 3-hydroxysteroid
- Hydroxysteroid
- 3-beta-hydroxysteroid
- 3-beta-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
- Delta-5-steroid
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (1 TMS) | splash10-054k-3912000000-22f633cd1bdd2ecca960 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0aor-9810000000-ab4d6cb3490b23c5cb70 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-03di-5947700000-fe0573c7669e97c469f5 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-2931000000-0d63e91b728deb1446a4 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4l-9822000000-2be95863c114e7cd2597 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0a4l-9601000000-edade780f6cfb8ddc7d1 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-054k-3912000000-22f633cd1bdd2ecca960 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-052v-1109000000-2eef6dd56a6c52421610 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-05fr-4103900000-a09c1c265657e57bd096 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-052f-9821000000-0f43ba6def9281d5c86d | 2015-03-01 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-014i-0002900000-f2b81675160568c483c5 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-05nb-3930100000-897e65b10be8a412585c | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-0a59-6900000000-b62b8d1bd807fc41256b | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (VARIAN MAT-44) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0aor-9810000000-fcbfd841778e213b3d3e | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (HITACHI M-52) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-5947700000-4234b723ccdb0e25d290 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (SHIMADZU LKB-9000B) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-2931000000-b2156fbd63c29312b076 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4l-9822000000-2be95863c114e7cd2597 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00kb-0019500000-b9eddfa8d56747167ada | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00kb-5139100000-42d184a108f9e994dc01 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9076000000-54ef98673160128cbacd | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0002900000-158617c2e43f1a46b58a | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0004900000-632250471791929b07e3 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-2019000000-717c6229722cf73f3faa | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0000900000-eda302082c5114b2ab3a | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0001900000-86165feb8e32cd8692ad | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0001900000-1fc08db7654e3c4918f9 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-4117900000-f005f19377309e9fb82d | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-06du-9146100000-d28aeb2182048e0912fa | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - beta-Sitosterol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4l-9511000000-ff6bd6e1f8902e32555d | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | - Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Liver
- Prostate
- Testis
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 22.8 +/- 6.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.53 +/- 0.021 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.902 +/- 0.089 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 8.222 +/- 4.340 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.00017 +/- 0.000095 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 14.1 +/- 10.6 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Short bowel syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0021 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Sitosterolemia | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Short bowel syndrome |
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- Ellegard L, Sunesson A, Bosaeus I: High serum phytosterol levels in short bowel patients on parenteral nutrition support. Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;24(3):415-20. [PubMed:15896428 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| Sitosterolemia |
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- Ros MM, Sterk SS, Verhagen H, Stalenhoef AF, de Jong N: Phytosterol consumption and the anabolic steroid boldenone in humans: a hypothesis piloted. Food Addit Contam. 2007 Jul;24(7):679-84. [PubMed:17613052 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB012362 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00023770 |
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Chemspider ID | 192962 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C01753 |
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BioCyc ID | CPD-4143 |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Beta-Sitosterol |
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METLIN ID | 169 |
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PubChem Compound | 222284 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 27693 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000267 |
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Good Scents ID | rw1223271 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Trofimov, A. N.; Chuprova, V. A. Process for production of b-sitosterol from tall oil products. Khimiya Rastitel'nogo Syr'ya (2002), (2), 129-132. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Rajaratnam RA, Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Apr;35(5):1185-91. [PubMed:10758959 ]
- Clayton PT, Bowron A, Mills KA, Massoud A, Casteels M, Milla PJ: Phytosterolemia in children with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1993 Dec;105(6):1806-13. [PubMed:8253356 ]
- Nguyen LB, Salen G, Shefer S, Bullock J, Chen T, Tint GS, Chowdhary IR, Lerner S: Deficient ileal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in sitosterolemia: sitosterol is not a feedback inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis. Metabolism. 1994 Jul;43(7):855-9. [PubMed:8028508 ]
- Barthomeuf C, Grassi J, Demeule M, Fournier C, Boivin D, Beliveau R: Inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function and reversion of MDR1 multidrug resistance by cnidiadin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005 Aug;56(2):173-81. Epub 2005 Apr 12. [PubMed:15824923 ]
- Fernandez ML, Vega-Lopez S: Efficacy and safety of sitosterol in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2005 Spring;23(1):57-70. [PubMed:15867948 ]
- Gylling H, Miettinen TA: The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease. Ann Clin Biochem. 2005 Jul;42(Pt 4):254-63. [PubMed:15989725 ]
- Ling WH, Jones PJ: Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci. 1995;57(3):195-206. [PubMed:7596226 ]
- Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN: Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med. 2001 Feb;249(2):163-6. [PubMed:11240845 ]
- Siirtola A, Ketomaki A, Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Lehtimaki T, Holmberg C, Salo MK, Antikainen M: Cholesterol absorption and synthesis in pediatric kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2006 Feb 15;81(3):327-34. [PubMed:16477216 ]
- Nikkila K, Hockerstedt K, Miettinen TA: Liver transplantation modifies serum cholestanol, cholesterol precursor and plant sterol levels. Clin Chim Acta. 1992 Jun 30;208(3):205-18. [PubMed:1499139 ]
- Kabouche A, Boutaghane N, Kabouche Z, Seguin E, Tillequin F, Benlabed K: Components and antibacterial activity of the roots of Salvia jaminiana. Fitoterapia. 2005 Jul;76(5):450-2. [PubMed:15893885 ]
- Sviridov DD, Safonova IG, Nano JL, Pavlov MY, Rampal P, Repin VS, Smirnov VN: New model to study cholesterol uptake in the human intestine in vitro. J Lipid Res. 1993 Feb;34(2):331-9. [PubMed:8429265 ]
- Miwa K, Inazu A, Kobayashi J, Higashikata T, Nohara A, Kawashiri M, Katsuda S, Takata M, Koizumi J, Mabuchi H: ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 M429V polymorphism as a novel genetic marker of higher cholesterol absorption in hypercholesterolaemic Japanese subjects. Clin Sci (Lond). 2005 Aug;109(2):183-8. [PubMed:15816807 ]
- Madersbacher S, Schatzl G, Brossner C, Dreikorn K: [Phytotherapy for BPS. Which products can still be prescribed?]. Urologe A. 2005 May;44(5):513-20. [PubMed:15726313 ]
- Honda A, Salen G, Honda M, Batta AK, Tint GS, Xu G, Chen TS, Tanaka N, Shefer S: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity is inhibited by cholesterol and up-regulated by sitosterol in sitosterolemic fibroblasts. J Lab Clin Med. 2000 Feb;135(2):174-9. [PubMed:10695663 ]
- Bhattacharyya AK, Lopez LA: Absorbability of plant sterols and their distribution in rabbit tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Jul 27;574(1):146-53. [PubMed:573140 ]
- Awad AB, Downie A, Fink CS, Kim U: Dietary phytosterol inhibits the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells grown in SCID mice. Anticancer Res. 2000 Mar-Apr;20(2A):821-4. [PubMed:10810360 ]
- Miettinen TA, Railo M, Lepantalo M, Gylling H: Plant sterols in serum and in atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jun 7;45(11):1794-801. [PubMed:15936608 ]
- Kim BH, Lee YS, Kang KS: The mechanism of retinol-induced irritation and its application to anti-irritant development. Toxicol Lett. 2003 Dec 15;146(1):65-73. [PubMed:14615068 ]
- Calpe-Berdiel L, Escola-Gil JC, Ribas V, Navarro-Sastre A, Garces-Garces J, Blanco-Vaca F: Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-enriched diet. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul;181(1):75-85. Epub 2005 Feb 12. [PubMed:15939057 ]
- Muti P, Awad AB, Schunemann H, Fink CS, Hovey K, Freudenheim JL, Wu YW, Bellati C, Pala V, Berrino F: A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2003 Dec;133(12):4252-5. [PubMed:14652381 ]
- Li JH, Awad AB, Fink CS, Wu YW, Trevisan M, Muti P: Measurement variability of plasma beta-sitosterol and campesterol, two new biomarkers for cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2001 Jun;10(3):245-9. [PubMed:11432711 ]
- Maguire L, Konoplyannikov M, Ford A, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM: Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of beta-sitosterol oxides and a cholesterol oxide, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, in cultured mammalian cells. Br J Nutr. 2003 Oct;90(4):767-75. [PubMed:13129445 ]
- Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ishani A: beta-sitosterol for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. BJU Int. 1999 Jun;83(9):976-83. [PubMed:10368239 ]
- Awad AB, Roy R, Fink CS: Beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2003 Mar-Apr;10(2):497-500. [PubMed:12579296 ]
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