Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:10 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0001492 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0002634
- HMDB01492
- HMDB02634
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | gamma-Tocopherol |
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Description | gamma-Tocopherol, also known as 7,8-dimethyltocol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. They differ from tocotrienols which contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain. It is estimated that 50% of gamma-tocopherol is metabolized into gamma-CEHC and excreted into the urine. gamma-Tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in plant seeds and derived products (e.g. nuts and vegetable oils). Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol inhibits cyclooxygenase activity and, therefore, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties (PMID: 11722951 ). |
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Structure | CC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=CC(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O1 InChI=1S/C28H48O2/c1-20(2)11-8-12-21(3)13-9-14-22(4)15-10-17-28(7)18-16-25-19-26(29)23(5)24(6)27(25)30-28/h19-22,29H,8-18H2,1-7H3/t21-,22-,28-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(+)-gamma-Tocopherol | ChEBI | (2R)-2,7,8-Trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol | ChEBI | (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol | ChEBI | (2R,4'r,8'r)-gamma-Tocopherol | ChEBI | (R,R,R)-gamma-Tocopherol | ChEBI | 7,8-Dimethyltocol | ChEBI | D-gamma-Tocopherol | ChEBI | e308 | ChEBI | RRR-gamma-Tocopherol | ChEBI | (+)-g-Tocopherol | Generator | (+)-Γ-tocopherol | Generator | (2R,4'r,8'r)-g-Tocopherol | Generator | (2R,4'r,8'r)-Γ-tocopherol | Generator | (R,R,R)-g-Tocopherol | Generator | (R,R,R)-Γ-tocopherol | Generator | D-g-Tocopherol | Generator | RRR-g-Tocopherol | Generator | RRR-Γ-tocopherol | Generator | g-Tocopherol | Generator | 3,4-Dihydro-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol | HMDB | (2R,4’R,8’r)-γ-tocopherol | HMDB | all-(R)-gamma-Tocopherol | HMDB | all-(R)-Γ-tocopherol | HMDB | gamma-Tocopherol | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C28H48O2 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 416.6795 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 416.36543078 |
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IUPAC Name | (2R)-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol |
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Traditional Name | gamma-tocopherol |
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CAS Registry Number | 54-28-4 |
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SMILES | CC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=CC(O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C28H48O2/c1-20(2)11-8-12-21(3)13-9-14-22(4)15-10-17-28(7)18-16-25-19-26(29)23(5)24(6)27(25)30-28/h19-22,29H,8-18H2,1-7H3/t21-,22-,28-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-DQCZWYHMSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. The differ from tocotrienols that contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Quinone and hydroquinone lipids |
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Direct Parent | Tocopherols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Tocopherol
- Diterpenoid
- 1-benzopyran
- Benzopyran
- Chromane
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Alkyl aryl ether
- Benzenoid
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Ether
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | Biological locationRoute of exposureSourceExogenousFood- Food (HMDB: HMDB0001492)
Herb and spiceVegetableFruitNutCereal and cereal productPulseGourdCoffee and coffee productSoyTeaDishBaking goodBeverageAquatic originMilk and milk productOther milk productFermented milk productFermented milkUnfermented milk- Milk (Cow) (FooDB: FOOD00618)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat (FooDB: FOOD00889)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat (FooDB: FOOD00890)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat (FooDB: FOOD00891)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat (FooDB: FOOD00892)
Fat and oilEggBaby foodAnimal originUnclassified food or beverageCocoa and cocoa productSnackConfectionery
Endogenous |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol GC-MS (1 TMS) | splash10-00di-2290200000-ca2e59769b7f9d283302 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol n/a 29V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0100900000-866035964c66e6e4a63c | 2020-07-21 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 13V, negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0000900000-92e50ec0b18c795338b0 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 16V, negative-QTOF | splash10-014j-0400900000-1fb1b39165372804b2c1 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 19V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900500000-42bb4a664eeebbe24ff8 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 24V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900200000-e8897dc0cd8b10c11820 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 30V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900100000-ea386123915e3fbbc82b | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 37V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-896627229022e40d2d4c | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 44V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-cc98083bdb10a92cc694 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 51V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0900000000-0c37948386f3f3e84231 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 58V, negative-QTOF | splash10-006t-0900000000-82abe7b9bcb60c5e016f | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 64V, negative-QTOF | splash10-006t-0900000000-8ebacaefdf6ce927eb8f | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 75V, negative-QTOF | splash10-05fs-0900000000-6045c9c0b33abee0cf8c | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 85V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0ab9-0900000000-814007aa4a0b534c8b92 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 96V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0ab9-1900000000-7f6bf2020beb1db07038 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol Orbitrap 109V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0ab9-1900000000-da96e9792269933d640e | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol n/a 29V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0200900000-b8c469956aa52f5cea7b | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol n/a 29V, negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0200900000-c061dcce18ca02fdc7f8 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol n/a 29V, negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0900000000-eaab1ecd4d7ca06a99f6 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol n/a 29V, positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0911200000-794ce3ca05c79d17f851 | 2020-07-22 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-1842900000-c0a3ade1f225f3c78ac2 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-1910000000-db436d443f9dc640b979 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pb9-5930000000-1cbe4445929c9b90be47 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0110900000-23d01b80a965180b27d9 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014j-0931800000-70e6ff42d0190b91ef52 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - gamma-Tocopherol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0002-0932000000-e16b76b24d1cd56f30b1 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane (predicted from logP)
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | - Adipose Tissue
- Epidermis
- Erythrocyte
- Fibroblasts
- Heart
- Intestine
- Leukocyte
- Liver
- Placenta
- Platelet
- Prostate
- Skeletal Muscle
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.41 (2.3-2.5) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.29 (0.63-2.63) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 36.920 +/- 11.540 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 39.100 +/- 11.940 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4.500 +/- 3.0700 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 42.380 +/- 14.790 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 47.670 +/- 18.690 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.320 +/- 3.620 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.360 +/- 3.0700 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.390 +/- 2.880 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 40.540 +/- 12.450 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 42.280 +/- 16.230 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.600 +/- 3.0400 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.970 +/- 3.510 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4.0600 +/- 2.690 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 4.440 +/- 3.0400 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 41.120 +/- 14.950 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 43.650 +/- 17.390 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 3.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 3.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.720 +/- 3.360 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.458 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.469 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.48 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 5.508 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.440 +/- 0.720 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.0159 +/- 0.696 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.360 +/- 0.760 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.600 +/- 0.100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.700 +/- 0.100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.806 +/- 1.721 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 29.0367 +/- 10.384 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.351 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.473 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.63 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00576 +/- 0.00240 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.440 +/- 0.790 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.280 +/- 0.980 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.700 +/- 0.100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 7.2 (3.8-11.7) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Breast Milk | Detected and Quantified | 0.5430037 +/- 0.0966421 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 2.3 (2.2-2.43) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Prostate cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 6.2 (3.6-8.4) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Endometrial cancer | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Schizophrenia | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Prostate cancer |
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- Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjonneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quiros JR, Gonzalez CA, Martinez C, Larranaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E: Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):672-81. [PubMed:17823432 ]
| Endometrial cancer |
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- Jeong NH, Song ES, Lee JM, Lee KB, Kim MK, Yun YM, Lee JK, Son SK, Lee JP, Kim JH, Hur SY, Kwon YI: Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(4):434-9. doi: 10.1080/00016340902767187. [PubMed:19235557 ]
| Schizophrenia |
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- Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8. [PubMed:22007635 ]
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB002431 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00007365 |
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Chemspider ID | 83708 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C02483 |
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BioCyc ID | GAMA-TOCOPHEROL |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Gamma-Tocopherol |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 92729 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 18185 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000332 |
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Good Scents ID | rw1013461 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Zhan X, Wang SY, Wang L, Qu P: [Decreased peripheral nerve conduction velocity may be associated with lower-serum level of vitamin E in patients with infantile hepatitis syndrome]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004 May;42(5):362-6. [PubMed:15189696 ]
- Reiter N, Jonsson B, Jansen E, Espersen K: [Vitamin E and excessive bleeding]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Dec 5;167(49):4664-5. [PubMed:16336861 ]
- Chelchowska M, Laskowska-Klita T, Leibschang J: [The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on concentration of vitamin E in blood of mothers and their newborns in umbilical cord blood]. Ginekol Pol. 2006 Apr;77(4):263-8. [PubMed:16875031 ]
- Vatassery GT, Adityanjee, Quach HT, Smith WE, Kuskowski MA, Melnyk D: Alpha and gamma tocopherols in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from older, male, human subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Jun;23(3):233-8. [PubMed:15190048 ]
- Clarke MW, Ward NC, Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD: Supplementation with mixed tocopherols increases serum and blood cell gamma-tocopherol but does not alter biomarkers of platelet activation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):95-102. [PubMed:16400056 ]
- Nair S, Norkus EP, Hertan H, Pitchumoni CS: Micronutrient antioxidants in gastric mucosa and serum in patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer: does Helicobacter pylori infection affect the mucosal levels? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Jun;30(4):381-5. [PubMed:10875465 ]
- Chow CK: Distribution of tocopherols in human plasma and red blood cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975 Jul;28(7):756-60. [PubMed:1146729 ]
- Tauler P, Sureda A, Cases N, Aguilo A, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, Villa G, Tur JA, Pons A: Increased lymphocyte antioxidant defences in response to exhaustive exercise do not prevent oxidative damage. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Oct;17(10):665-71. Epub 2005 Nov 28. [PubMed:16481153 ]
- Hozyasz KK, Chelchowska M, Laskowska-Klita T: [Vitamin E levels in patients with celiac disease]. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2003 Oct-Dec;7(4 Pt 2):593-604. [PubMed:15213374 ]
- Sokol RJ, Heubi JE, Iannaccone S, Bove KE, Balistreri WF: Mechanism causing vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis. Gastroenterology. 1983 Nov;85(5):1172-82. [PubMed:6618108 ]
- Ble-Castillo JL, Carmona-Diaz E, Mendez JD, Larios-Medina FJ, Medina-Santillan R, Cleva-Villanueva G, Diaz-Zagoya JC: Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the metabolic control and oxidative stress in female type 2 diabetics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Jul;59(6):290-5. [PubMed:15932790 ]
- Kontush K, Schekatolina S: Vitamin E in neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1031:249-62. [PubMed:15753151 ]
- Kayden HJ, Hatam LJ, Traber MG: The measurement of nanograms of tocopherol from needle aspiration biopsies of adipose tissue: normal and abetalipoproteinemic subjects. J Lipid Res. 1983 May;24(5):652-6. [PubMed:6875389 ]
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