Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-05-22 14:17:47 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:16:19 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0002302 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Indole-3-propionic acid |
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Description | Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA, indole-3-propionate, or indole propionic acid), is a reductive product of tryptophan formed by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds (PMID:29168502 ). It is endogenously produced by human microbiota and has only been detected in vivo (PMID:19234110 ). While many microbial metabolites produced in the gut are toxic or act as uremic toxins (when they are reabsorbed through the gut epithelia), indole-3-propionic acid is a very beneficial microbial metabolite (PMID:30914514 , 30862081 , 29238104 ). In limited studies, urinary IPA correlates positively with disease and it remains unclear if this represents host bacteria responding to pathology via the production of IPA, or intestinal permeability changes leading to higher absorption and excretion of IPA, or inflammatory changes within kidneys leading to high excretion of IPA (PMID:32132996 ). Indole-3-propionic acid is a remarkably strong antioxidant (PMID:10721080 ). It is an even more potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals than melatonin, the most potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals synthesized by the human body. Similar to melatonin but unlike other antioxidants, indole-3-propionic acid scavenges radicals without subsequently generating reactive and pro-oxidant intermediate compounds (PMID:9928448 , 10419516 ). Indole-3-propionic acid has been shown to prevent oxidative stress and the death of primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells exposed to the amyloid beta-protein in the form of amyloid fibrils, one of the most prominent neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid also shows a strong level of neuroprotection in two other paradigms of oxidative stress. (PMID 10419516 ) More recently it has been found that higher indole-3-propionic acid levels in serum/plasma are associated with a reduced likelihood of type 2 diabetes and with higher levels of consumption of fibre-rich foods (PMID:28397877 ). Studies have shown that serum levels of indole-3-propionic acid are positively correlated with dietary fibre intake and negatively correlated with C-reactive protein levels (PMID:29795366 ). Indole-3-propionic acid is a marker for the presence of Clostridium sporogenes in the gut. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Clostridium sporogenes (PMID:7378938 ). In addition to its useful physiological role in mammals, indole-3-propionic acid is a plant hormone with functions similar to indole-3-acetic acid (or IAA), the major plant auxin. Recent studies have shed some light on additional mechanisms of action of IPA. In the intestine, IPA could serve as a ligand to an adopted orphan nuclear receptor, Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and act as an anti-inflammatory agent (PMID:25065623 ). This property has allowed investigators to develop more potent analogs targeting PXR (PMID:32153125 ). Other tissues may also be targeted by IPA in a similar manner (PMID:31211619 ). |
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Structure | OC(=O)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2 InChI=1S/C11H11NO2/c13-11(14)6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6H2,(H,13,14) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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beta-(3-Indolyl)propionic acid | ChEBI | Indolepropionic acid | ChEBI | b-(3-Indolyl)propionate | Generator | b-(3-Indolyl)propionic acid | Generator | beta-(3-Indolyl)propionate | Generator | Β-(3-indolyl)propionate | Generator | Β-(3-indolyl)propionic acid | Generator | Indolepropionate | Generator | Indole-3-propionate | Generator | Indole propionate | MeSH | Indole-3-propanoic acid | MeSH | Indole-3-propionic acid | ChEBI | 3-Indolepropionate | Generator, HMDB | 1H-Indole-3-propionate | HMDB | 1H-Indole-3-propionic acid | HMDB | 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)Propanoate | HMDB, Generator | 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)propanoic acid | HMDB | 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)Propionate | HMDB | 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)propionic acid | HMDB | 3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-1H-indole | HMDB | 3-(3-Indolyl)propanoate | HMDB | 3-(3-Indolyl)propanoic acid | HMDB | 3-(3-Indolyl)propionate | HMDB | 3-(3-Indolyl)propionic acid | HMDB | b-Indole-3-propionate | HMDB | b-Indole-3-propionic acid | HMDB | b-Indolepropionate | HMDB | b-Indolepropionic acid | HMDB | beta-Indole-3-propionate | HMDB | beta-Indole-3-propionic acid | HMDB | beta-Indolepropionate | HMDB | beta-Indolepropionic acid | HMDB | IPA | HMDB | 3-Indolepropionic acid | HMDB | 1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid | HMDB | 3-(Indole-3-yl)propanoic acid | HMDB | 3-(Indole-3-yl)propionic acid | HMDB | beta-(3-Indolyl)propanoic acid | HMDB | beta-Indole-3-propanoic acid | HMDB | beta-Indolepropanoic acid | HMDB | β-(3-Indolyl)propanoic acid | HMDB | β-Indole-3-propanoic acid | HMDB | β-Indole-3-propionic acid | HMDB | β-Indolepropanoic acid | HMDB | β-Indolepropionic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C11H11NO2 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 189.2105 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 189.078978601 |
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IUPAC Name | 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | indolylpropionic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 830-96-6 |
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SMILES | OC(=O)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C11H11NO2/c13-11(14)6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6H2,(H,13,14) |
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InChI Key | GOLXRNDWAUTYKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an indole ring. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Indoles and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Indolyl carboxylic acid derivative
- 3-alkylindole
- Indole
- Substituted pyrrole
- Benzenoid
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Pyrrole
- Azacycle
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carbonyl group
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 134 - 135 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | 1.75 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Indole-3-propionic acid,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=C[NH]C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2028.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C=C(CCC(=O)O)C2=CC=CC=C21 | 2074.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2059.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2030.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2245.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=C[NH]C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2288.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C=C(CCC(=O)O)C2=CC=CC=C21 | 2334.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2522.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2470.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Indole-3-propionic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CCC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 | 2471.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-1900000000-7964cf38946a23d63104 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-1900000000-7964cf38946a23d63104 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-002f-1900000000-79b70b4d80349fed40a2 | 2017-08-28 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00dl-8910000000-cc3bf52f2cbb339eea4a | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-001i-1900000000-de72f9061ea0bb241ef7 | 2015-03-01 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0900000000-5bf41cc0642ca12d91dd | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0900000000-2bdd32c86cd63a03b739 | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-004i-8900000000-fa98f64c6c35db6c3425 | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid EI-B (Unknown) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-1900000000-7964cf38946a23d63104 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid LC-ESI-IT , positive-QTOF | splash10-00e9-0900000000-aa04863f4b124d617168 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid , positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-1900000000-c3c14c76cdb38c3798f0 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-1900000000-db653a92384089e7272c | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-2837a9689ebb97e17c89 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-9400000000-20084f0045f0393dcaad | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9500000000-d39c747b7db2e42acefc | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-8927c2758d647a804f4a | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9300000000-282c233baa3c0e5bf365 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-4900000000-1e1179cded69a29a5047 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9300000000-0aaa5de6ae1a4aafa661 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-0900000000-1b79a66b12c3205108c5 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 35V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0aor-6900000000-909aa5100e4655d54267 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-05mo-9600000000-e85aca97bdac26c3d258 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-003r-4900000000-29142c5171637b4d5e5f | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9600000000-bc2ddd9f185d76d60d50 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-006x-0900000000-4be398aaf9b927637228 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-0900000000-5f65be50e34cc07d1a77 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00lu-2900000000-747697a81c30bbf35e01 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0900000000-76970d017d781fd87474 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000l-1900000000-35d9289d5e0f2905c29d | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Indole-3-propionic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-052f-9700000000-8a8af8b32271e2d2eef0 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2021-10-10 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI+, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2022-02-11 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI+, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2022-02-11 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI-, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2022-02-11 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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General References | - Chyan YJ, Poeggeler B, Omar RA, Chain DG, Frangione B, Ghiso J, Pappolla MA: Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 30;274(31):21937-42. [PubMed:10419516 ]
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- Reiter RJ, Guerrero JM, Garcia JJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D: Reactive oxygen intermediates, molecular damage, and aging. Relation to melatonin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:410-24. [PubMed:9928448 ]
- Kim WS, Gardan L, Rhim SL, Geider K: Erwinia pyrifoliae sp. nov., a novel pathogen that affects Asian pear trees (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:899-905. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-899. [PubMed:10319516 ]
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- Cason CA, Dolan KT, Sharma G, Tao M, Kulkarni R, Helenowski IB, Doane BM, Avram MJ, McDermott MM, Chang EB, Ozaki CK, Ho KJ: Plasma microbiome-modulated indole- and phenyl-derived metabolites associate with advanced atherosclerosis and postoperative outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Nov;68(5):1552-1562.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.029. Epub 2017 Dec 13. [PubMed:29248242 ]
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- Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, Takenaka MC, Kenison JE, Mayo L, Chao CC, Patel B, Yan R, Blain M, Alvarez JI, Kebir H, Anandasabapathy N, Izquierdo G, Jung S, Obholzer N, Pochet N, Clish CB, Prinz M, Prat A, Antel J, Quintana FJ: Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med. 2016 Jun;22(6):586-97. doi: 10.1038/nm.4106. Epub 2016 May 9. [PubMed:27158906 ]
- Zhao ZH, Xin FZ, Xue Y, Hu Z, Han Y, Ma F, Zhou D, Liu XL, Cui A, Liu Z, Liu Y, Gao J, Pan Q, Li Y, Fan JG: Indole-3-propionic acid inhibits gut dysbiosis and endotoxin leakage to attenuate steatohepatitis in rats. Exp Mol Med. 2019 Sep 10;51(9):1-14. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0304-5. [PubMed:31506421 ]
- Mimori S, Kawada K, Saito R, Takahashi M, Mizoi K, Okuma Y, Hosokawa M, Kanzaki T: Indole-3-propionic acid has chemical chaperone activity and suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Oct 1;517(4):623-628. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.074. Epub 2019 Aug 1. [PubMed:31378367 ]
- Pulakazhi Venu VK, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Tsai YC, Nieves K, Alston L, Mani S, McCoy KD, Hollenberg MD, Hirota SA: The pregnane X receptor and its microbiota-derived ligand indole 3-propionic acid regulate endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Aug 1;317(2):E350-E361. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00572.2018. Epub 2019 Jun 18. [PubMed:31211619 ]
- Negatu DA, Yamada Y, Xi Y, Go ML, Zimmerman M, Ganapathy U, Dartois V, Gengenbacher M, Dick T: Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole Propionic Acid Targets Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2019 Mar 26;10(2). pii: mBio.02781-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02781-18. [PubMed:30914514 ]
- Konopelski P, Konop M, Gawrys-Kopczynska M, Podsadni P, Szczepanska A, Ufnal M: Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Tryptophan-Derived Bacterial Metabolite, Reduces Weight Gain in Rats. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 11;11(3). pii: nu11030591. doi: 10.3390/nu11030591. [PubMed:30862081 ]
- Alexeev EE, Lanis JM, Kao DJ, Campbell EL, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Gerich ME, Jenkins BR, Walk ST, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP: Microbiota-Derived Indole Metabolites Promote Human and Murine Intestinal Homeostasis through Regulation of Interleukin-10 Receptor. Am J Pathol. 2018 May;188(5):1183-1194. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.011. Epub 2018 Feb 16. [PubMed:29454749 ]
- Yisireyili M, Takeshita K, Saito S, Murohara T, Niwa T: Indole-3-propionic acid suppresses indoxyl sulfate-induced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes in proximal tubular cells. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2017 Nov;79(4):477-486. doi: 10.18999/nagjms.79.4.477. [PubMed:29238104 ]
- Abildgaard A, Elfving B, Hokland M, Wegener G, Lund S: The microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid improves glucose metabolism in rats, but does not affect behaviour. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2018 Oct;124(4):306-312. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1398262. Epub 2017 Nov 7. [PubMed:29113509 ]
- Jennis M, Cavanaugh CR, Leo GC, Mabus JR, Lenhard J, Hornby PJ: Microbiota-derived tryptophan indoles increase after gastric bypass surgery and reduce intestinal permeability in vitro and in vivo. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Feb;30(2). doi: 10.1111/nmo.13178. Epub 2017 Aug 7. [PubMed:28782205 ]
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