Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2007-04-12 21:01:07 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:17:13 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0006040 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | N2-Methylguanine |
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Description | N2-Methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. N2-Methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. Human exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents can lead to the formation of covalently bound adducts in DNA, some of which are excreted in urine as alkylated purines following DNA degrdn. and repair; the N2 position of guanine is one of the major sites for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Measurements of RNA or DNA catabolites in urine can be used as a measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. An accumulation of modified ribonucleosides appears in the serum of uremic patients. (PMID: 16527824 , 16061253 , 8043914 , 2428556 , 7159514 , 9607216 ). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C6H7N5O/c1-7-6-10-4-3(5(12)11-6)8-2-9-4/h2H,1H3,(H3,7,8,9,10,11,12) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1,7-Dihydro-2-(methylamino)-6H-purin-6-one | ChEBI | 2-Methylamino-6-oxopurine | ChEBI | 2-Methylguanine | ChEBI | N-Methyl-guanine | ChEBI | 1, 7-dihydro-2-(methylamino)-6H-Purin-6-one | HMDB | 2-(methylamino)-9H-Purin-6-ol | HMDB | 2-methylamino-1,9-dihydro-Purin-6-one | HMDB | 2-monomethylamino-6-Hydroxypurine | HMDB | 6-Hydroxy-2-methylamino-purine | HMDB | 6-Hydroxy-2-methylaminopurine | HMDB | 7-Methylguanine | MeSH, HMDB | N7-Me-g | MeSH, HMDB | 7-Methylguanine, 14C-labeled | MeSH, HMDB | N(2)-Methylguanine | MeSH, HMDB | N7-Methylguanine | MeSH, HMDB | N2-Methylguanine | MeSH |
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Chemical Formula | C6H7N5O |
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Average Molecular Weight | 165.1527 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 165.065059871 |
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IUPAC Name | 2-(methylamino)-6,7-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one |
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Traditional Name | 2-(methylamino)-3,7-dihydropurin-6-one |
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CAS Registry Number | 10030-78-1 |
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SMILES | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N1)N=CN2 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C6H7N5O/c1-7-6-10-4-3(5(12)11-6)8-2-9-4/h2H,1H3,(H3,7,8,9,10,11,12) |
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InChI Key | SGSSKEDGVONRGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. Hypoxanthines are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Imidazopyrimidines |
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Sub Class | Purines and purine derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Hypoxanthines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - 6-oxopurine
- Hypoxanthine
- Aminopyrimidine
- Pyrimidone
- Secondary aliphatic/aromatic amine
- Pyrimidine
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Vinylogous amide
- Imidazole
- Azole
- Azacycle
- Secondary amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 2016.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 2113.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 3098.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 1961.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 2108.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 3118.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 2065.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 2058.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 3043.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 2044.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 2106.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C | 2623.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1993.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2173.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2707.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 1982.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 2042.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C | 2687.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2028.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2110.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2390.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2207.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2323.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3173.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2176.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2327.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 3090.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 2270.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 2236.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1 | 3101.2 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2421.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2525.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[NH]1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2737.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2354.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2569.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=C[NH]2)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2747.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2408.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2471.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CNC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2754.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2583.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2785.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N2-Methylguanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CN(C1=NC(=O)C2=C(N=CN2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2633.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00li-2900000000-539ed57cd0169be157e1 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-c5b4249fffca3d4d371f | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-e0e61dd036c1eeb8c7cd | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000b-9700000000-bc35e49ab2b1f81d19f2 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0900000000-18f6ed24aee9629d2b71 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03dr-1900000000-3647b625be48894ded97 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00kf-9200000000-eb014bf17054735890c3 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0900000000-11e5406fb2e0acd600c0 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03el-1900000000-3dab99342f0796ffff0a | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-568aee5531b232c43016 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-7f20cf9333bbb1eb98e1 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-1900000000-2641d6f2b8a568415740 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N2-Methylguanine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-9300000000-58b99541aa08fb42a838 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Available | Not Available | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.20 (0.16-0.23) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB023816 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 23213 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C04153 |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 24828 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 21818 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Niwa T, Takeda N, Yoshizumi H: RNA metabolism in uremic patients: accumulation of modified ribonucleosides in uremic serum. Technical note. Kidney Int. 1998 Jun;53(6):1801-6. [PubMed:9607216 ]
- Choi JY, Guengerich FP: Adduct size limits efficient and error-free bypass across bulky N2-guanine DNA lesions by human DNA polymerase eta. J Mol Biol. 2005 Sep 9;352(1):72-90. [PubMed:16061253 ]
- Kanduc D, Sapia G: Origin of 1,7-dimethylguanosine in tRNA chemical and enzymatic methylation. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1982 Oct 15;58(19):1221-5. [PubMed:7159514 ]
- Choi JY, Guengerich FP: Kinetic evidence for inefficient and error-prone bypass across bulky N2-guanine DNA adducts by human DNA polymerase iota. J Biol Chem. 2006 May 5;281(18):12315-24. Epub 2006 Mar 8. [PubMed:16527824 ]
- Porcelli B, Pagani R, Lorenzini L, De Martino A, Catinella S, Traldi P: Different mass spectrometric approaches in the identification of endogenous methylated purine bases in urine extracts. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 1994 Jun;8(6):443-50. [PubMed:8043914 ]
- Sander G, Topp H, Heller-Schoch G, Wieland J, Schoch G: Ribonucleic acid turnover in man:RNA catabolites in urine as measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. Clin Sci (Lond). 1986 Oct;71(4):367-74. [PubMed:2428556 ]
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