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Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:37 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014434
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14434
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAtomoxetine
DescriptionAtomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is sold in the form of the hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine. This chemical is manufactured and marketed under the brand name Strattera; by Eli Lilly and Company and as a generic Attentin by Torrent Pharmaceuticals. There is currently no generic available within the United States due to patent restrictions. [Wikipedia ]
Structure
Data?1582753178
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-TomoxetineChEBI
TomoxetinaChEBI
TomoxetineChEBI
TomoxetinumChEBI
Tomoxetine hydrochloride, (-)-isomerHMDB
HCL, AtomoxetineHMDB
Hydrochloride, atomoxetineHMDB
StratteraHMDB
Atomoxetine hydrochlorideHMDB
Tomoxetine hydrochloride, (+-)-isomerHMDB
Atomoxetine HCLHMDB
N-Methyl-gamma-(2-methylphenoxy)benzenepropanamine hydrochlorideHMDB
Tomoxetine hydrochloride, (+)-isomer - T351671HMDB
Chemical FormulaC17H21NO
Average Molecular Weight255.3547
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight255.162314299
IUPAC Namemethyl[(3R)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropyl]amine
Traditional Nameatomoxetine
CAS Registry Number82248-59-7
SMILES
CNCC[C@@H](OC1=CC=CC=C1C)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-14-8-6-7-11-16(14)19-17(12-13-18-2)15-9-4-3-5-10-15/h3-11,17-18H,12-13H2,1-2H3/t17-/m1/s1
InChI KeyVHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenol ethers
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentPhenol ethers
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Phenol ether
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Toluene
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Ether
  • Secondary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.0039 g/LNot Available
LogP3.9Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+CBM164.230932474
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0039 g/LALOGPS
logP3.95ALOGPS
logP3.81ChemAxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area21.26 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count6ChemAxon
Refractivity79.44 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability29.79 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+162.7131661259
DarkChem[M-H]-160.91531661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+164.17830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-161.8230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-194.70730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+170.27130932474
AllCCS[M+H]+160.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+156.932859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+164.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+165.332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-166.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-166.732859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-166.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
AtomoxetineCNCC[C@@H](OC1=CC=CC=C1C)C1=CC=CC=C12492.0Standard polar33892256
AtomoxetineCNCC[C@@H](OC1=CC=CC=C1C)C1=CC=CC=C11962.7Standard non polar33892256
AtomoxetineCNCC[C@@H](OC1=CC=CC=C1C)C1=CC=CC=C11970.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Atomoxetine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12205.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Atomoxetine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12189.1Standard non polar33892256
Atomoxetine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12692.7Standard polar33892256
Atomoxetine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12456.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Atomoxetine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12372.8Standard non polar33892256
Atomoxetine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@H](CCN(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C12797.6Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0007-9510000000-b436c1286414de57d10e2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0690000000-494128ae0f3b90b415b32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-456e1257123470a131c22017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-0f4cf059747adb026b962017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-ecaeebd63dc195659e572017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-6da1a9a3edfed770c2cd2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-00xs-0900000000-d71f5b857319380ce5952017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01bc-2900000000-37eb3191934e545cc3382017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-014l-6900000000-6be893f7d4702639eac22017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-c2030f3f981d83eacf572017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-3c27da7fa8c958a76be12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-133c9cb2f2383aa0fe8a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-00r5-1900000000-b68a2013855cb02e45122017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-01bd-1900000000-c4fd6863785e44cc724e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-014l-3900000000-4529fcb6c89f3acafac92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-06348bdc8d24fed52e752017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0690000000-494128ae0f3b90b415b32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 45V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-133c9cb2f2383aa0fe8a2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-3c27da7fa8c958a76be12021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 45V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-6da1a9a3edfed770c2cd2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-0090000000-baa3d0729ad3bb59a89f2016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-054p-7690000000-47a6bba7ee3a8fb547e32016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9400000000-2bb86246ec7cd06126742016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0090000000-02a8368dee3cab1e17022016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-2290000000-6d5c426420a70e542e1c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Atomoxetine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9710000000-6adb2c5abb0cab9b62a82016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00289 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00289 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00289
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID49516
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAtomoxetine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound54841
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID127342
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Purper-Ouakil D, Fourneret P, Wohl M, Reneric JP: [Atomoxetine: a new treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents]. Encephale. 2005 May-Jun;31(3):337-48. [PubMed:16142049 ]
  2. Gaillez C, Sorbara F, Perrin E: [Atomoxetine (Strattera), an alternative in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children]. Encephale. 2007 Sep;33(4 Pt 1):621-8. [PubMed:18033153 ]
  3. Kratochvil CJ, Newcorn JH, Arnold LE, Duesenberg D, Emslie GJ, Quintana H, Sarkis EH, Wagner KD, Gao H, Michelson D, Biederman J: Atomoxetine alone or combined with fluoxetine for treating ADHD with comorbid depressive or anxiety symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;44(9):915-24. [PubMed:16113620 ]
  4. Carpenter LL, Milosavljevic N, Schecter JM, Tyrka AR, Price LH: Augmentation with open-label atomoxetine for partial or nonresponse to antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;66(10):1234-8. [PubMed:16259536 ]
  5. Pilhatsch MK, Burghardt R, Wandinger KP, Bauer M, Adli M: Augmentation with atomoxetine in treatment-resistant depression with psychotic features. A case report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006 Mar;39(2):79-80. [PubMed:16555170 ]
  6. Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Michelson D, Adler LA, Reimherr FW, Glatt SJ, Biederman J: Atomoxetine and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the effects of comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):415-20. [PubMed:16649828 ]
  7. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI: Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;68(3):390-8. [PubMed:17388708 ]
  8. Montoya A, Hervas A, Cardo E, Artigas J, Mardomingo MJ, Alda JA, Gastaminza X, Garcia-Polavieja MJ, Gilaberte I, Escobar R: Evaluation of atomoxetine for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed, treatment-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Nov;25(11):2745-54. doi: 10.1185/03007990903316152. [PubMed:19785510 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Purper-Ouakil D, Fourneret P, Wohl M, Reneric JP: [Atomoxetine: a new treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents]. Encephale. 2005 May-Jun;31(3):337-48. [PubMed:16142049 ]
  2. Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM: Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(3):203-26. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005. [PubMed:19445548 ]
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID:
P23975
Molecular weight:
69331.42
References
  1. Biederman J, Heiligenstein JH, Faries DE, Galil N, Dittmann R, Emslie GJ, Kratochvil CJ, Laws HF, Schuh KJ: Efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2002 Dec;110(6):e75. [PubMed:12456942 ]
  2. Spencer T, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, Faries DE, Kratochvil CJ, Conners CK, Potter WZ: Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;63(12):1140-7. [PubMed:12523874 ]
  3. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr FW, West SA, Allen AJ, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Dietrich A, Milton D: Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Jan 15;53(2):112-20. [PubMed:12547466 ]
  4. Wernicke JF, Faries D, Girod D, Brown J, Gao H, Kelsey D, Quintana H, Lipetz R, Michelson D, Heiligenstein J: Cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine in children, adolescents, and adults. Drug Saf. 2003;26(10):729-40. [PubMed:12862507 ]
  5. Wernicke JF, Adler L, Spencer T, West SA, Allen AJ, Heiligenstein J, Milton D, Ruff D, Brown WJ, Kelsey D, Michelson D: Changes in symptoms and adverse events after discontinuation of atomoxetine in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective, placebo-controlled assessment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;24(1):30-5. [PubMed:14709944 ]
  6. Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM: Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(3):203-26. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005. [PubMed:19445548 ]
  7. Kaplan S, Heiligenstein J, West S, Busner J, Harder D, Dittmann R, Casat C, Wernicke JF: Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. J Atten Disord. 2004 Oct;8(2):45-52. [PubMed:15801334 ]
  8. Purper-Ouakil D, Fourneret P, Wohl M, Reneric JP: [Atomoxetine: a new treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents]. Encephale. 2005 May-Jun;31(3):337-48. [PubMed:16142049 ]
  9. Gaillez C, Sorbara F, Perrin E: [Atomoxetine (Strattera), an alternative in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children]. Encephale. 2007 Sep;33(4 Pt 1):621-8. [PubMed:18033153 ]
  10. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [PubMed:9537821 ]
General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
Gene Name:
SLC6A4
Uniprot ID:
P31645
Molecular weight:
70324.165
References
  1. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [PubMed:9537821 ]