Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 21:03:12 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:18:37 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0028973
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB28973
Metabolite Identification
Common NameMethionyl-Glycine
DescriptionMethionyl-Glycine is a dipeptide composed of methionine and glycine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
Structure
Data?1676999917
Synonyms
ValueSource
L-Methionyl-L-glycineHMDB
m-g DipeptideHMDB
Met-glyHMDB
Methionine glycine dipeptideHMDB
Methionine-glycine dipeptideHMDB
MethionylglycineHMDB
MG DipeptideHMDB
2-{[2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butylidene]amino}acetateHMDB
2-{[2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulphanyl)butylidene]amino}acetateHMDB
2-{[2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulphanyl)butylidene]amino}acetic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC7H14N2O3S
Average Molecular Weight206.263
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight206.072513014
IUPAC Name2-[2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanamido]acetic acid
Traditional Name[2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanamido]acetic acid
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C7H14N2O3S/c1-13-3-2-5(8)7(12)9-4-6(10)11/h5H,2-4,8H2,1H3,(H,9,12)(H,10,11)
InChI KeyQXOHLNCNYLGICT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentDipeptides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-dipeptide
  • Methionine or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid amide
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • Fatty amide
  • Fatty acyl
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxamide group
  • Amino acid
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Dialkylthioether
  • Sulfenyl compound
  • Thioether
  • Amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Primary amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogP-3.3Extrapolated
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility10.1 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.9ALOGPS
logP-3.3ChemAxon
logS-1.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.78ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.42ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area92.42 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count6ChemAxon
Refractivity50.39 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability21.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+145.07831661259
DarkChem[M-H]-141.43531661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+142.41530932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-138.50930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-175.55630932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+151.2830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+144.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+141.232859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+147.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+148.832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-145.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-146.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-148.132859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.1.43 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 20229.6917 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20228.64 minutes32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid258.7 seconds40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid736.5 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid266.2 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid66.0 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid164.3 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid66.8 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid260.9 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid304.8 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)699.7 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid659.2 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid132.1 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid762.3 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid186.6 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid180.2 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate488.0 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA474.0 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water168.1 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Methionyl-GlycineCSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(O)=O3030.6Standard polar33892256
Methionyl-GlycineCSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(O)=O1832.1Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-GlycineCSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(O)=O2110.2Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Methionyl-Glycine,1TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1955.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,1TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O1999.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,1TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C1952.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2014.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1971.8Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1941.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2001.3Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2135.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2000.5Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #4CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C2037.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TMS,isomer #4CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C1997.7Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2122.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2093.1Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2004.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2054.3Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2151.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2115.7Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,4TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2165.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,4TMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2183.7Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2206.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,1TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O2252.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,1TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2189.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2485.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2373.2Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2434.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2414.8Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2589.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2412.9Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #4CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2517.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,2TBDMS,isomer #4CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2403.0Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2811.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2664.2Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2725.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #2CSCCC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2647.0Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2823.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,3TBDMS,isomer #3CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2692.3Standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,4TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3044.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Methionyl-Glycine,4TBDMS,isomer #1CSCCC(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2913.3Standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0ue9-9500000000-9d86aceed28db15200ef2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0wb9-9840000000-2800bf26bb89720cece42017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-3940000000-5336f8945941e3a8e7822017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0pdr-9500000000-20bc1acdcb413fda71d32017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9000000000-79c2e20469fd526b1e822017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-7590000000-3cb3280645c97a3359922017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-9000000000-d3ae819faca3ada97c2b2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-9000000000-3c25f3d096b3dfcce1cb2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0930000000-5c1879be3485176e94232021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-9100000000-60ddec84c92a12aadc232021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-006t-9000000000-852e98d9e1f66f0d8caa2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0pdi-9670000000-2cbc4b82352b6b2e79782021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0nmr-9300000000-6bea6ffd05be2d92fe112021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Methionyl-Glycine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-cc261c4b9fc855946b492021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB111994
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID227490
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound259185
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID174028
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Morozova OB, Korchak SE, Vieth HM, Yurkovskaya AV: Photo-CIDNP study of transient radicals of Met-Gly and Gly-Met peptides in aqueous solution at variable pH. J Phys Chem B. 2009 May 21;113(20):7398-406. doi: 10.1021/jp8112182. [PubMed:19438284 ]
  2. Paquet A, Sarwar G: Determination of bioavailability of some long-chain N-substituted derivatives of L-methionine and L-lysine. Can J Biochem. 1980 Jul;58(7):577-80. [PubMed:6778594 ]
  3. Kaluderovic GN, Schmidt H, Paschke R, Kalinowski B, Dietrich A, Mueller T, Steinborn D: Platinum(II) complexes with l-methionylglycine and l-methionyl-l-leucine ligands: synthesis, characterization and in vitro antitumoral activity. J Inorg Biochem. 2007 Mar;101(3):543-9. Epub 2006 Nov 30. [PubMed:17223197 ]
  4. McCollum MQ, Webb KE Jr: Glycyl-L-sarcosine absorption across ovine omasal epithelium during coincubation with other peptide substrates and volatile fatty acids. J Anim Sci. 1998 Oct;76(10):2706-11. [PubMed:9814913 ]
  5. Bressan M, Ettorre R, Marchiori F, Valle G: Coordination chemistry of peptides. Part II. Crystal structure of cyclo-L-methionylglycine and studies of metal complexation. Int J Pept Protein Res. 1982 Apr;19(4):402-7. [PubMed:7118410 ]
  6. Matthews JC, Wong EA, Bender PK, Bloomquist JR, Webb KE Jr: Demonstration and characterization of dipeptide transport system activity in sheep omasal epithelium by expression of mRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Anim Sci. 1996 Jul;74(7):1720-7. [PubMed:8818821 ]
  7. Callaway JE, Lai J, Haselbeck B, Baltaian M, Bonnesen SP, Weickmann J, Wilcox G, Lei SP: Modification of the C terminus of cecropin is essential for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Aug;37(8):1614-9. [PubMed:8215272 ]
  8. Moneton P, Sarthou P, Le Goffic F: Transport and hydrolysis of peptides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Aug;132(8):2147-53. [PubMed:3540196 ]
  9. Matthews JC, Webb KE Jr: Absorption of L-carnosine, L-methionine, and L-methionylglycine by isolated sheep ruminal and omasal epithelial tissue. J Anim Sci. 1995 Nov;73(11):3464-75. [PubMed:8586607 ]