Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2012-09-11 17:47:30 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-05-30 20:56:03 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0032055 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | N-Acetylhistidine |
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Description | N-Acetyl-L-histidine or N-Acetylhistidine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetylhistidine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetylhistidine is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-histidine. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618 ). About 85% of all human proteins and 68% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686 ). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468 ). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468 ). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylhistidine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618 ). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free histidine can also occur. In particular, N-Acetylhistidine can be biosynthesized from L-histidine and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme histidine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.33). Many N-acetylamino acids are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986 ; PMID: 20613759 ). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557 ). |
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Structure | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC=N1)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C8H11N3O3/c1-5(12)11-7(8(13)14)2-6-3-9-4-10-6/h3-4,7H,2H2,1H3,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)(H,13,14)/t7-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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N-Acetyl histidine | ChEBI | N-alpha-L-Histidine | ChEBI | N-Hydroxy-aabp | ChEBI | N-a-L-Histidine | Generator | N-Α-L-histidine | Generator | N-Acetylhistidine, (DL)-isomer | HMDB | N-Acetylhistidine monohydrate | HMDB | (2S)-2-Acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid | HMDB | (2S)-2-Acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propionic acid | HMDB | (S)-2-Acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoicacid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | N-alpha-Acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | N-Α-acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | N2-Acetylhistidine | HMDB | Nalpha-acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | Nalpha-acetylhistidine | HMDB | Nα-acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | Nα-acetylhistidine | HMDB | alpha-N-Acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | Α-N-acetyl-L-histidine | HMDB | N-Acetylhistidine | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C8H11N3O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 197.194 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 197.080041226 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | (2S)-2-acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 2497-02-1 |
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SMILES | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC=N1)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C8H11N3O3/c1-5(12)11-7(8(13)14)2-6-3-9-4-10-6/h3-4,7H,2H2,1H3,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)(H,13,14)/t7-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | KBOJOGQFRVVWBH-ZETCQYMHSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Histidine and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Histidine or derivatives
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
- Azole
- Imidazole
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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N-Acetylhistidine,1TMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1953.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,1TMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 1946.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,1TMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O | 2077.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1938.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2014.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2113.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1951.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 2077.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C | 2042.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2093.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 2047.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2187.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2173.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O | 2343.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2398.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=C[NH]C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2464.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2586.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2362.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2558.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2436.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2744.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | N-Acetylhistidine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2653.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-4900000000-7dfc9fc16ac2951b9502 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-1900000000-f7a336a0bb3b9bbb97e6 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-1900000000-b0d3eefbbb1980071384 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 35V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0900000000-fbdb976de813e485a050 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-001l-9100000000-5a50d7a1e623f2b3ad43 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 30V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03e9-9600000000-c0d983087d2844195748 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0k9t-0900000000-3f38d32bce161a4e5d4c | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03dr-0900000000-092c7fb7959085278f1c | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01qc-9300000000-a303332b1163ebaf0e9c | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0900000000-38551fb9b9676dd58904 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9800000000-7438d910d167860d7159 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - N-Acetylhistidine 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-052f-9100000000-ef73aa98a219c40481e8 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-04 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-04 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-04 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 8.13 (3.72-9.89) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cancer patients undergoing total body irradiation | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cancer patients undergoing total body irradiation | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Colorectal cancer |
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- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB008762 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 68142 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C02997 |
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BioCyc ID | CPD-424 |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 75619 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 16437 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | rw1691611 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Sass JO, Mohr V, Olbrich H, Engelke U, Horvath J, Fliegauf M, Loges NT, Schweitzer-Krantz S, Moebus R, Weiler P, Kispert A, Superti-Furga A, Wevers RA, Omran H: Mutations in ACY1, the gene encoding aminoacylase 1, cause a novel inborn error of metabolism. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Mar;78(3):401-9. Epub 2006 Jan 18. [PubMed:16465618 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
- Tanaka H, Sirich TL, Plummer NS, Weaver DS, Meyer TW: An Enlarged Profile of Uremic Solutes. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 28;10(8):e0135657. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135657. eCollection 2015. [PubMed:26317986 ]
- Van Damme P, Hole K, Pimenta-Marques A, Helsens K, Vandekerckhove J, Martinho RG, Gevaert K, Arnesen T: NatF contributes to an evolutionary shift in protein N-terminal acetylation and is important for normal chromosome segregation. PLoS Genet. 2011 Jul;7(7):e1002169. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002169. Epub 2011 Jul 7. [PubMed:21750686 ]
- Ree R, Varland S, Arnesen T: Spotlight on protein N-terminal acetylation. Exp Mol Med. 2018 Jul 27;50(7):1-13. doi: 10.1038/s12276-018-0116-z. [PubMed:30054468 ]
- Toyohara T, Akiyama Y, Suzuki T, Takeuchi Y, Mishima E, Tanemoto M, Momose A, Toki N, Sato H, Nakayama M, Hozawa A, Tsuji I, Ito S, Soga T, Abe T: Metabolomic profiling of uremic solutes in CKD patients. Hypertens Res. 2010 Sep;33(9):944-52. doi: 10.1038/hr.2010.113. Epub 2010 Jul 8. [PubMed:20613759 ]
- Vanholder R, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Cohen G, Glorieux G, Jankowski J: A bench to bedside view of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 May;19(5):863-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007121377. Epub 2008 Feb 20. [PubMed:18287557 ]
- (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
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