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Showing metabocard for alpha-Carene (HMDB0035619)

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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 20:37:47 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:54:34 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0035619
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB35619
Metabolite Identification
Common Namealpha-Carene
Descriptionalpha-Carene is found in allspice. alpha-Carene is a flavouring ingredient.Carene, or delta-3-carene, is a bicyclic monoterpene which occurs naturally as a constituent of turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source. Carene has a sweet and pungent odor. It is not soluble in water, but miscible with fats and oils
Structure
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MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

  Mrv1652310121721462D          

 10 11  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
   -1.2276    1.8294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9421    1.4169    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9421    0.5918    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2276    0.1794    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5131    0.5918    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5131    1.4169    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2012    0.1793    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6566    1.0044    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3111    1.5067    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3112    0.5022    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  2  0  0  0  0
  5  7  1  0  0  0  0
  2  8  1  0  0  0  0
  3  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

HMDB0035619
     RDKit          3D
alpha-Carene
 26 27  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -3.3817   -0.3199    0.2020 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9483    0.0460    0.0410 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5903    1.3255    0.0784 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1586    1.7137   -0.0811 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6782    0.7969    0.7485 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2817   -0.6080    0.7785 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8610   -0.9517   -0.1644 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6081   -0.1841    0.1838 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8695   -0.4807    0.9873 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7459   -0.4534   -1.2761 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.0614    0.4602   -0.1726 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6362   -0.4831    1.2738 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6333   -1.2475   -0.3733 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3830    2.0615    0.2288 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1018    1.7310   -1.1527 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0825    2.7731    0.2681 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9530    1.2406    1.7506 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3777   -1.2497    1.6756 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1949   -1.9867    0.0002 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5372   -0.8329   -1.2309 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.9061    0.1790    1.8923 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7261   -0.2181    0.3586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8472   -1.5181    1.3375 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4535   -1.5315   -1.4407 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8060   -0.4021   -1.6392 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1135    0.1399   -1.9307 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  8 10  1  0
  7  2  1  0
  8  5  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  1 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  6 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
  7 20  1  0
  9 21  1  0
  9 22  1  0
  9 23  1  0
 10 24  1  0
 10 25  1  0
 10 26  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

  Mrv1652310121721462D          

 10 11  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
   -1.2276    1.8294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9421    1.4169    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9421    0.5918    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2276    0.1794    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5131    0.5918    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5131    1.4169    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2012    0.1793    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.6566    1.0044    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3111    1.5067    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3112    0.5022    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1  6  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  2  0  0  0  0
  5  7  1  0  0  0  0
  2  8  1  0  0  0  0
  3  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0035619

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-9(6-7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3

> <INCHI_KEY>
BQOFWKZOCNGFEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C10H16

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
136.234

> <EXACT_MASS>
136.125200512

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
26

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
17.307795702829075

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
3.64

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
2.801661446333333

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-2.96

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
2

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
0.0

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
44.7223

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.51e-01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
monoterpenes

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

HMDB0035619
     RDKit          3D
alpha-Carene
 26 27  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -3.3817   -0.3199    0.2020 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9483    0.0460    0.0410 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5903    1.3255    0.0784 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.1586    1.7137   -0.0811 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6782    0.7969    0.7485 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.2817   -0.6080    0.7785 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8610   -0.9517   -0.1644 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6081   -0.1841    0.1838 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8695   -0.4807    0.9873 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7459   -0.4534   -1.2761 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.0614    0.4602   -0.1726 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6362   -0.4831    1.2738 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6333   -1.2475   -0.3733 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3830    2.0615    0.2288 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1018    1.7310   -1.1527 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0825    2.7731    0.2681 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9530    1.2406    1.7506 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3777   -1.2497    1.6756 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1949   -1.9867    0.0002 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5372   -0.8329   -1.2309 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.9061    0.1790    1.8923 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7261   -0.2181    0.3586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8472   -1.5181    1.3375 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4535   -1.5315   -1.4407 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8060   -0.4021   -1.6392 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1135    0.1399   -1.9307 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  8 10  1  0
  7  2  1  0
  8  5  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  1 13  1  0
  3 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  6 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
  7 20  1  0
  9 21  1  0
  9 22  1  0
  9 23  1  0
 10 24  1  0
 10 25  1  0
 10 26  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 12-OCT-17   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   12-OCT-17         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0      -2.292   3.415   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0      -3.625   2.645   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0      -3.625   1.105   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0      -2.292   0.335   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0      -0.958   1.105   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0      -0.958   2.645   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       0.376   0.335   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0      -4.959   1.875   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0      -6.181   2.813   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0      -6.181   0.937   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    2    6                                                       
CONECT    2    1    3    8                                                  
CONECT    3    2    4    8                                                  
CONECT    4    3    5                                                       
CONECT    5    4    6    7                                                  
CONECT    6    1    5                                                       
CONECT    7    5                                                            
CONECT    8    2    3    9   10                                             
CONECT    9    8                                                            
CONECT   10    8                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   10    0   22    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

COMPND    HMDB0035619
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -3.382  -0.320   0.202  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  C2  UNL     1      -1.948   0.046   0.041  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C3  UNL     1      -1.590   1.326   0.078  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C4  UNL     1      -0.159   1.714  -0.081  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C5  UNL     1       0.678   0.797   0.748  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C6  UNL     1       0.282  -0.608   0.779  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  C7  UNL     1      -0.861  -0.952  -0.164  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  C8  UNL     1       1.608  -0.184   0.184  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  C9  UNL     1       2.869  -0.481   0.987  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  C10 UNL     1       1.746  -0.453  -1.276  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  H1  UNL     1      -4.061   0.460  -0.173  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H2  UNL     1      -3.636  -0.483   1.274  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H3  UNL     1      -3.633  -1.248  -0.373  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H4  UNL     1      -2.383   2.062   0.229  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H5  UNL     1       0.102   1.731  -1.153  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H6  UNL     1      -0.083   2.773   0.268  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H7  UNL     1       0.953   1.241   1.751  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H8  UNL     1       0.378  -1.250   1.676  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H9  UNL     1      -1.195  -1.987   0.000  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H10 UNL     1      -0.537  -0.833  -1.231  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H11 UNL     1       2.906   0.179   1.892  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H12 UNL     1       3.726  -0.218   0.359  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H13 UNL     1       2.847  -1.518   1.337  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H14 UNL     1       1.453  -1.531  -1.441  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H15 UNL     1       2.806  -0.402  -1.639  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   26  H16 UNL     1       1.113   0.140  -1.931  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   11   12   13
CONECT    2    3    3    7
CONECT    3    4   14
CONECT    4    5   15   16
CONECT    5    6    8   17
CONECT    6    7    8   18
CONECT    7   19   20
CONECT    8    9   10
CONECT    9   21   22   23
CONECT   10   24   25   26
END
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SMILES for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C
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INCHI for HMDB0035619 (alpha-Carene)

InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-9(6-7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC10H16
Average Molecular Weight136.234
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight136.125200512
IUPAC Name3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene
Traditional Namemonoterpenes
CAS Registry Number13466-78-9
SMILES
CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-9(6-7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3
InChI KeyBQOFWKZOCNGFEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassMonoterpenoids
Direct ParentBicyclic monoterpenoids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Carane monoterpenoid
  • Bicyclic monoterpenoid
  • Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Polycyclic hydrocarbon
  • Cyclic olefin
  • Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Olefin
  • Hydrocarbon
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Source
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point< 25 °CNot Available
Boiling Point169.00 to 174.00 °C. @ 705.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility4.58 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP4.38Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Feces
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ]
  2. De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8. [PubMed:24811995 ]
  3. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  1. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8. [PubMed:24811995 ]
  2. Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB014324
KNApSAcK IDC00000839
Chemspider ID24263
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound26049
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID35661
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1014471
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  2. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  3. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  4. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  5. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
  6. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.