| Record Information |
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| Version | 4.0 |
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| Status | Detected but not Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2014-04-16 20:46:53 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2021-04-12 19:32:25 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0061717 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Succinylcarnitine |
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| Description | Succinylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an succinic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Succinylcarnitine is therefore classified as a short chain AC. As a short-chain acylcarnitine Succinylcarnitine is a member of the most abundant group of carnitines in the body, comprising more than 50% of all acylcarnitines quantified in tissues and biofluids (PMID: 31920980 ), it has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212 ). Some short-chain carnitines have been studied as supplements or treatments for a number of diseases, including neurological disorders and inborn errors of metabolism. Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT, EC:2.3.1.7) is responsible for the synthesis of all short-chain and short branched-chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 23485643 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews]. |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| O-Succinylcarnitine | HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | C11H19NO6 |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 261.274 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 261.121237336 |
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| IUPAC Name | (3R)-3-[(3-carboxypropanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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| Traditional Name | (3R)-3-[(3-carboxypropanoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate |
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| CAS Registry Number | 256928-74-2 |
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| SMILES | C[N+](C)(C)C[C@@H](CC([O-])=O)OC(=O)CCC(O)=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C11H19NO6/c1-12(2,3)7-8(6-10(15)16)18-11(17)5-4-9(13)14/h8H,4-7H2,1-3H3,(H-,13,14,15,16)/t8-/m1/s1 |
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| InChI Key | HAEVNYBCYZZDFL-MRVPVSSYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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| Class | Fatty Acyls |
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| Sub Class | Fatty acid esters |
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| Direct Parent | Acyl carnitines |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Acyl-carnitine
- Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic salt
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Ontology |
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| Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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| Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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| Role | Biological role: |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Not Available |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Van Hove JL, Saenz MS, Thomas JA, Gallagher RC, Lovell MA, Fenton LZ, Shanske S, Myers SM, Wanders RJ, Ruiter J, Turkenburg M, Waterham HR: Succinyl-CoA ligase deficiency: a mitochondrial hepatoencephalomyopathy. Pediatr Res. 2010 Aug;68(2):159-64. doi: 10.1203/00006450-201011001-00310. [PubMed:20453710 ]
- Jaberi E, Chitsazian F, Ali Shahidi G, Rohani M, Sina F, Safari I, Malakouti Nejad M, Houshmand M, Klotzle B, Elahi E: The novel mutation p.Asp251Asn in the beta-subunit of succinate-CoA ligase causes encephalomyopathy and elevated succinylcarnitine. J Hum Genet. 2013 Aug;58(8):526-30. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2013.45. Epub 2013 Jun 13. [PubMed:23759946 ]
- Huffman KM, Koves TR, Hubal MJ, Abouassi H, Beri N, Bateman LA, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Hoffman EP, Muoio DM, Kraus WE: Metabolite signatures of exercise training in human skeletal muscle relate to mitochondrial remodelling and cardiometabolic fitness. Diabetologia. 2014 Nov;57(11):2282-95. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3343-4. Epub 2014 Aug 5. [PubMed:25091629 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
- FRITZ IB: Action of carnitine on long chain fatty acid oxidation by liver. Am J Physiol. 1959 Aug;197:297-304. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.297. [PubMed:13825279 ]
- Makarova E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilks K, Volska K, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Zarkova-Malkova O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E: Decreases in Circulating Concentrations of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines and Free Fatty Acids During the Glucose Tolerance Test Represent Tissue-Specific Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Dec 17;10:870. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00870. eCollection 2019. [PubMed:31920980 ]
- Violante S, Ijlst L, Ruiter J, Koster J, van Lenthe H, Duran M, de Almeida IT, Wanders RJ, Houten SM, Ventura FV: Substrate specificity of human carnitine acetyltransferase: Implications for fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jun;1832(6):773-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.012. Epub 2013 Feb 24. [PubMed:23485643 ]
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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