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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-02-24 01:48:53 UTC
Update Date2022-10-24 19:44:18 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0240783
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameO-Palmitoylcarnitine
DescriptionO-Palmitoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an palmitic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy.  This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review (PMID: 35710135 ), acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. O-Palmitoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine O-Palmitoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748 ). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular O-Palmitoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (PMID: 9034211 ), sleep deprivation (PMID: 31419538 ), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 deficiency (PMID: 15653102 ), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency (PMID: 12403251 ), type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 27694567 , PMID: 24837145 , PMID: 20111019 ), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (PMID: 27211699 ), obesity (PMID: 20111019 ), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PMID: 27006481 ), chronic heart failure (PMID: 22622056 ), cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (PMID: 24308938 ), diastolic heart failure (PMID: 26010610 , PMID: 27473038 ), and systolic heart failure (PMID: 27473038 ). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with intracerebral hemorrhage (PMID: 29265114 ), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A deficiency (PMID: 11568084 ), and psoriasis (PMID: 33391503 ). It is found to be increased in feces of patients with cirrhosis (PMID: 23384618 ). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane.  Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulin's inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774 ). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903 ). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available (PMID: 35710135 ).
Structure
Data?1614132698
Synonyms
ValueSource
3-(Hexadecanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoateChEBI
HexadecanoylcarnitineChEBI
HexadecanoylcarnitinesChEBI
O-HexadecanoylcarnitineChEBI
PalmitoylcarnitineChEBI
3-(Hexadecanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acidGenerator
PalmitylcarnitineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC23H45NO4
Average Molecular Weight399.616
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight399.334858933
IUPAC NameNot Available
Traditional NameNot Available
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C23H45NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3
InChI KeyXOMRRQXKHMYMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acid esters
Direct ParentAcyl carnitines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Acyl-carnitine
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • Quaternary ammonium salt
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic salt
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+214.78630932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-210.76630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-247.3130932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+223.60130932474
AllCCS[M+H]+217.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+215.232859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+218.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+219.432859911
AllCCS[M-H]-210.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-211.632859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-213.532859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
O-PalmitoylcarnitineCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C3048.2Standard polar33892256
O-PalmitoylcarnitineCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C2447.6Standard non polar33892256
O-PalmitoylcarnitineCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C2671.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine 35V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-5002900000-528454bf0a9528cdeb362021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine 35V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-17674390272db6ddadc62021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0000900000-b54b0a7f2164f15f15f22021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0f79-9000500000-d7434e08a3e0942fa2e92021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - O-Palmitoylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-e9262cbaff8cb4ad0ba62021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID448
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPalmitoylcarnitine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound461
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID73067
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1684361
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
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  3. Fingerhut R, Roschinger W, Muntau AC, Dame T, Kreischer J, Arnecke R, Superti-Furga A, Troxler H, Liebl B, Olgemoller B, Roscher AA: Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency: acylcarnitine profiles in blood spots are highly specific. Clin Chem. 2001 Oct;47(10):1763-8. [PubMed:11568084 ]
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  17. Zhang X, Li Y, Liang Y, Sun P, Wu X, Song J, Sun X, Hong M, Gao P, Deng D: Distinguishing Intracerebral Hemorrhage from Acute Cerebral Infarction through Metabolomics. Rev Invest Clin. 2017 Nov-Dec;69(6):319-328. doi: 10.24875/RIC.17002348. [PubMed:29265114 ]
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  20. Ueland T, Svardal A, Oie E, Askevold ET, Nymoen SH, Bjorndal B, Dahl CP, Gullestad L, Berge RK, Aukrust P: Disturbed carnitine regulation in chronic heart failure--increased plasma levels of palmitoyl-carnitine are associated with poor prognosis. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Sep 1;167(5):1892-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.150. Epub 2012 May 22. [PubMed:22622056 ]
  21. Yoon DW, Kwon HN, Jin X, Kim JK, Lee SK, Park S, Yun CH, Shin C: Untargeted metabolomics analysis of rat hippocampus subjected to sleep fragmentation. Brain Res Bull. 2019 Nov;153:74-83. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.008. Epub 2019 Aug 13. [PubMed:31419538 ]
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