You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Human Metabolome Database.

Jump To Section:

Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (9)transporters (1) Show 10 proteins XML

enzymes (9)transporters (1) Show 10 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2021-09-07 16:24:01 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000064

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00064

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Creatine

Description

Creatine, is a naturally occurring non-protein compound. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Creatine is found in all vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Its primary metabolic role is to combine with a phosphoryl group, via the enzyme creatine kinase, to generate phosphocreatine, which is used to regenerate ATP. Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle (95%), while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, testes, and other tissues. Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it is naturally produced in the human body from the amino acids glycine and arginine, with an additional requirement for methionine to catalyze the transformation of guanidinoacetate to creatine. In the first step of its biosynthesis glycine and arginine are combined by the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) to form guanidinoacetate, which is then methylated by guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), using S-adenosyl methionine as the methyl donor. Creatine can also be obtained through the diet at a rate of about 1 gram per day from an omnivorous diet. A cyclic form of creatine, called creatinine, exists in equilibrium with its tautomer and with creatine. Clinically, there are three distinct disorders of creatine metabolism. Deficiencies in the two synthesis enzymes (AGAT and GAMT) can cause L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (caused by variants in AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (caused by variants in GAMT). Both disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A third defect, creatine transporter defect, is caused by mutations in SLC6A8 and inherited in a X-linked manner. Creatine is widely used as a supplement by athletes. Its use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work (periods of work and rest) by 5 to 15% (PMID: 24688272 ). Creatine has no significant effect on aerobic endurance, although it will increase power during short sessions of high-intensity aerobic exercise (PMID: 9662683 ).

Structure

MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

COMPND    https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/CN(CC(O)=O)C(N)=N/file?format=s... 
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY OPEN BABEL 3.1.0
HETATM    1  C   UNL     1      -0.947   1.966  -0.139  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  N   UNL     1      -0.628   0.555  -0.374  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    3  C   UNL     1       0.654   0.185  -0.978  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C   UNL     1       1.679  -0.025   0.107  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  O   UNL     1       2.935  -0.373  -0.215  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    6  O   UNL     1       1.370   0.120   1.266  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    7  C   UNL     1      -1.532  -0.421  -0.026  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  N   UNL     1      -1.233  -1.744  -0.247  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    9  N   UNL     1      -2.673  -0.091   0.511  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM   10  H   UNL     1      -1.449   2.376  -1.015  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H   UNL     1      -1.602   2.051   0.728  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H   UNL     1      -0.027   2.521   0.045  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H   UNL     1       0.534  -0.737  -1.548  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H   UNL     1       0.986   0.982  -1.643  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H   UNL     1       3.557  -0.497   0.515  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H   UNL     1      -0.385  -1.990  -0.647  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H   UNL     1      -1.871  -2.433  -0.002  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H   UNL     1      -3.311  -0.779   0.756  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   10   11   12                                       
CONECT    2    1    3    7                                            
CONECT    3    2    4   13   14                                       
CONECT    4    3    5    6    6                                       
CONECT    5    4   15                                                 
CONECT    6    4    4                                                 
CONECT    7    2    8    9    9                                       
CONECT    8    7   16   17                                            
CONECT    9    7    7   18                                            
CONECT   10    1                                                      
CONECT   11    1                                                      
CONECT   12    1                                                      
CONECT   13    3                                                      
CONECT   14    3                                                      
CONECT   15    5                                                      
CONECT   16    8                                                      
CONECT   17    8                                                      
CONECT   18    9                                                      
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   18    0   18    0
END

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
((Amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid	ChEBI
(alpha-Methylguanido)acetic acid	ChEBI
(N-Methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid	ChEBI
alpha-Methylguanidino acetic acid	ChEBI
Creatin	ChEBI
Kreatin	ChEBI
Methylglycocyamine	ChEBI
N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine	ChEBI
N-[(e)-AMINO(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine	ChEBI
N-Amidinosarcosine	ChEBI
N-Carbamimidoyl-N-methylglycine	ChEBI
N-Methyl-N-guanylglycine	ChEBI
((Amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetate	Generator
(a-Methylguanido)acetate	Generator
(a-Methylguanido)acetic acid	Generator
(alpha-Methylguanido)acetate	Generator
(Α-methylguanido)acetate	Generator
(Α-methylguanido)acetic acid	Generator
(N-Methylcarbamimidamido)acetate	Generator
a-Methylguanidino acetate	Generator
a-Methylguanidino acetic acid	Generator
alpha-Methylguanidino acetate	Generator
Α-methylguanidino acetate	Generator
Α-methylguanidino acetic acid	Generator
Cosmocair C 100	HMDB
Creatine hydrate	HMDB
Krebiozon	HMDB
Methylguanidoacetate	HMDB
Methylguanidoacetic acid	HMDB
N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methyl-glycine	HMDB
Phosphagen	HMDB
[[Amino(imino)methyl](methyl)amino]acetate	HMDB
[[Amino(imino)methyl](methyl)amino]acetic acid	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₄H₉N₃O₂

Average Molecular Weight

131.1332

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

131.069476547

IUPAC Name

2-(N-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid

Traditional Name

creatine

CAS Registry Number

57-00-1

SMILES

CN(CC(O)=O)C(N)=N

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C4H9N3O2/c1-7(4(5)6)2-3(8)9/h2H2,1H3,(H3,5,6)(H,8,9)

InChI Key

CVSVTCORWBXHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Alpha amino acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
Guanidine
Carboximidamide
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Imine
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

glycine derivative (CHEBI:16919 )
guanidines (CHEBI:16919 )

Ontology

Lung cancer

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Enteral:

Ingestion

Source:

Synthetic:

Personal care product

Biological:

Animal

Plant:

Biological location:

Process

Naturally occurring process:

Metabolite

Industrial application:

Personal care products

Food and nutrition:

Nutritional supplement

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	303 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	13.3 mg/mL at 18 °C	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	4.11 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-1.6	ALOGPS
logP	-2.9	ChemAxon
logS	-1.5	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.5	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	12.43	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	5	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	90.41 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	42.01 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	12.17 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Spectral Properties

Collision Cross Sections

Name	Adduct	Type	Data Source	Value	Reference
DeepCCS	[M+H]+	Experimental	MetCCS_train_pos	125.857	30932474
AllCCS	[M+H]+	Experimental	Not Available	125.8	http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000486
DarkChem	[M+H]+	Predicted	Not Available	127.961	31661259
DarkChem	[M-H]-	Predicted	Not Available	120.949	31661259
AllCCS	[M+H]+	Predicted	Not Available	131.509	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	Predicted	Not Available	125.564	32859911

Retention Indices

Underivatized

Not Available

Derivatized

Derivative	Value	Reference
Creatine,1TMS,#1	1574.0933	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Creatine,1TMS,#2	1650.6508	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Creatine,1TMS,#3	1595.5981	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Creatine,1TBDMS,#1	1800.6954	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Creatine,1TBDMS,#2	1900.0919	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712
Creatine,1TBDMS,#3	1828.4774	https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12712

Spectra

GC-MS

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0900000000-7739f1c16da098ff4661	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-0900000000-f89f340e776ae37776b3	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0900000000-7739f1c16da098ff4661	2018-05-18	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-0900000000-f89f340e776ae37776b3	2018-05-18	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-4697e8a17788c105f1aa	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-9600000000-ef8c833ca7ddb4b1a500	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0006-9100000000-47f885347545055f546d	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0a4i-8900000000-5b42adf83e422cffefb6	2021-09-18	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0a4i-9800000000-24fa3ff739ff064312ab	2021-09-18	View Spectrum

LC-MS/MS

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-000x-9800000000-bc1387ab36f71e04b988	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0006-9000000000-6c686da36a88d9fbdbcf	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0006-9000000000-13b7d28e8f5be1c5dada	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-cc4bd4c587dd80f63bcb	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0udi-3900000000-d35c7578ad50de8377b7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-a4d7fee14f74e1ed8b4b	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-e5d62520dfcbf4bfe5c9	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-06fbcf897ccce3fa90b7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-9000000000-9a0b8275e74605a92681	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000f-9000000000-5f622f2c3de4f213a8ed	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-20ba65c7a2c9434fcf39	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-01qc-0965022201-53bb6f168e0934ae4a87	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-638479794e8c3a6e0b61	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-39676937b1a3ad0dc0bc	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03di-0090000000-d53c75786742ecdb3c16	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-001l-0945022201-2fc3f234454021c5e202	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-40aa07f89dddb181e489	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-5aca4d0b8ed7d2500af2	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03di-0190000000-9a9685c32bf6c721a497	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-001i-1900000000-c99f9492e0b84d5fae6b	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-0006-9300000000-8ab609e6dd62bd18841f	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-e04e407d5f06d21582c4	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-fd81d06317727fa740b1	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-8428e2af90720afb4337	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-3162b4c94e66796a643b	2012-08-31	View Spectrum

NMR

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H] 2D NMR Spectrum (predicted)	2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	2012-12-04	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Mitochondria

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Breast Milk
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Saliva
Sweat
Urine

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Bladder
Brain
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Heart
Intestine
Kidney
Neuron
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/Pathwhiz	KEGG
Glycine and Serine Metabolism
Arginine and Proline Metabolism
Prolidase Deficiency (PD)		Not Available
Arginine: Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency (AGAT Deficiency)		Not Available
Hyperprolinemia Type II		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	54.8 +/- 21.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	7752905	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	87 +/- 19 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	15024124	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.1 +/- 12.3 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	7752905	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	10-44 uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	11326334	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	30-80 uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	11326334	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	5-50 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23770102	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	17-109 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23770102	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	84.0 +/- 23.2 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	53.0 (17.0 - 82.0) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	32.22 +/- 16.42 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24713860	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	74.0458 +/- 25.191 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	12675874	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	50.77(21.53) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	33.8-75.8 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	7752905	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	36.7 +/- 28.3 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21359215	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	27355821	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	27355821	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	17349089	details
Breast Milk	Detected and Quantified	51.6 +/- 24.5 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	24027187	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	44 +/- 13 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18502700	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	29808030	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	8.32 +/- 3.30 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22308371	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	30.12 +/- 18.36 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Zerihun T. Dame, ...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	23.2 +/- 29.4 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	30.7 +/- 14.6 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	33.9 +/- 45.9 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	25.94 +/- 9.75 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	23857558	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	113.0 (0.00-654.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	6321058	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	113(0-654) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	6321058	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.00082 +/- 0.0011 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	31775291	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<35 umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	11326334	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	22800120	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.00-404.37 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	David F. Putnam C...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	25-776 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	24909877	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	10-1350 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	BC Children's Hos...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	46 (3-448) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	26.0 (5.0-95.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	46.0 (9.0-135.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	11.30 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Shaykhutdinov RA,...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	106.76 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	25712379	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	497.145 +/- 435.142 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6-1208 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23770102	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	11-244 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23770102	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	17-720 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23770102	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<70 umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	11326334	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.66-455.3 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	13.68(4.63-104.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	14.93(4.74-455.8) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	López Hernández Y...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1-1.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	31506554	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	17349089	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	33.8 +/- 37.7 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart Transplant	21359215	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	40.3 (28.3-56.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Cirrhosis	7752905	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	528 +/- 42 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Hypermethioninemia	15024124	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	25.7 (16.5 - 30.8) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Cirrhosis	7752905	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.3 +/- 12.8 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	35.6 +/- 15.15 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	34.7 (10.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	22494326	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	37.4 (13.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	22494326	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	75 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1	11326334	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	1 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 3	23770102	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25105552	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	43.2 +/- 18.10 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Schizophrenia	24713860	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	25.5 (11.41) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	23.84 (11.5) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	1022.901 +/- 231.298 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Uremia	12675874	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	41.5 (5.9) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	23159745	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	33.4 (15.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23159745	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	121.89(372.94) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction	26010610	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Pancreatic cancer	22613268	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	37.4 (13.3) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Down syndrome pregnancy	23313728	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	34.4 (11.8) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23313728	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Crohns disease	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Ulcerative colitis	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Unclassified IBD	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Irritable Bowel Syndrome	21494186	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Attachment loss	31026179	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Missing teeth	31026179	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Periodontal Probing Depth	31026179	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	29.86 +/- 19.99 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Alzheimer's disease	23857558	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	26.61 +/- 5.64 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Frontotemporal lobe dementia	23857558	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	19.48 +/- 12.88 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Lewy body disease	23857558	details
Sweat	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	screen-positive CF	Adriana Nori...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Schizophrenia	22800120	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	37.0 (0.0-197.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Lung cancer	22157537	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1540 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Rhabdomyolysis	12089184	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	233.588 +/- 539.846 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Mordechai, Hien, ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	31-40 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 3	23770102	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	220 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1	11326334	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal adenoma	27510537	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Cirrhosis
Marescau B, De Deyn PP, Holvoet J, Possemiers I, Nagels G, Saxena V, Mahler C: Guanidino compounds in serum and urine of cirrhotic patients. Metabolism. 1995 May;44(5):584-8. [PubMed:7752905 ]
Pancreatic cancer
Zhang L, Jin H, Guo X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Tang S, Mo P, Wu K, Nie Y, Pan Y, Fan D: Distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiles. Clin Biochem. 2012 Sep;45(13-14):1064-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.012. Epub 2012 May 19. [PubMed:22613268 ]
Colorectal cancer
Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
Schizophrenia
Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19. [PubMed:24713860 ] Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS: Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26. [PubMed:22800120 ]
Early preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Late-onset preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Hypermethioninemia
Baric I, Fumic K, Glenn B, Cuk M, Schulze A, Finkelstein JD, James SJ, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Pazanin L, Pogribny IP, Rados M, Sarnavka V, Scukanec-Spoljar M, Allen RH, Stabler S, Uzelac L, Vugrek O, Wagner C, Zeisel S, Mudd SH: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency in a human: a genetic disorder of methionine metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4234-9. Epub 2004 Mar 15. [PubMed:15024124 ]
Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 3
Nouioua S, Cheillan D, Zaouidi S, Salomons GS, Amedjout N, Kessaci F, Boulahdour N, Hamadouche T, Tazir M: Creatine deficiency syndrome. A treatable myopathy due to arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord. 2013 Aug;23(8):670-4. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.04.011. Epub 2013 Jun 14. [PubMed:23770102 ]
Uremia
Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W: Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x. [PubMed:12675874 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c. [PubMed:21494186 ]
Crohn's disease
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Alzheimer's disease
Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Frontotemporal dementia
Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Lewy body disease
Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Attachment loss
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Missing teeth
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Periodontal Probing Depth
Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Cystic fibrosis
Adriana Nori de Macedo. Robust capillary electrophoresis methods for biomarker discovery and routine measurements in clinical and epidemiological applications. March 2017 [Link]
Lung Cancer
Stretch C, Eastman T, Mandal R, Eisner R, Wishart DS, Mourtzakis M, Prado CM, Damaraju S, Ball RO, Greiner R, Baracos VE: Prediction of skeletal muscle and fat mass in patients with advanced cancer using a metabolomic approach. J Nutr. 2012 Jan;142(1):14-21. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.147751. Epub 2011 Dec 7. [PubMed:22157537 ]
Rhabdomyolysis
Bairaktari E, Seferiadis K, Liamis G, Psihogios N, Tsolas O, Elisaf M: Rhabdomyolysis-related renal tubular damage studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 2002 Jul;48(7):1106-9. [PubMed:12089184 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
(). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1
Salomons GS, van Dooren SJ, Verhoeven NM, Cecil KM, Ball WS, Degrauw TJ, Jakobs C: X-linked creatine-transporter gene (SLC6A8) defect: a new creatine-deficiency syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1497-500. doi: 10.1086/320595. Epub 2001 Apr 20. [PubMed:11326334 ]

Associated OMIM IDs

260350 (Pancreatic cancer)
114500 (Colorectal cancer)
181500 (Schizophrenia)
613752 (Hypermethioninemia)
612718 (Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 3)
266600 (Crohn's disease)
104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
600274 (Frontotemporal dementia)
219700 (Cystic fibrosis)
211980 (Lung Cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
300352 (Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB00148

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB005403

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

586

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

16919

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

CREAT

MarkerDB ID

MDB00000033

References

Synthesis Reference

Thalhammer, Franz; Gastner, Thomas. Preparation of creatine, creatine monohydrate and guanidinoacetic acid. Ger. Offen. (2007), 5pp.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Schonberger B: [Overactive bladder--which diagnosis investigations are necessary before initiating primary treatment?]. Urologe A. 2003 Jun;42(6):787-92. Epub 2003 Apr 25. [PubMed:12851769 ]
Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Stoeckler-Ipsiroglu S, Adami A, Appleton R, Araujo HC, Duran M, Ensenauer R, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Garcia P, Grolik C, Item CB, Leuzzi V, Marquardt I, Muhl A, Saelke-Kellermann RA, Salomons GS, Schulze A, Surtees R, van der Knaap MS, Vasconcelos R, Verhoeven NM, Vilarinho L, Wilichowski E, Jakobs C: GAMT deficiency: features, treatment, and outcome in an inborn error of creatine synthesis. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):480-4. Epub 2006 Jul 19. [PubMed:16855203 ]
McConell GK, Shinewell J, Stephens TJ, Stathis CG, Canny BJ, Snow RJ: Creatine supplementation reduces muscle inosine monophosphate during endurance exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Dec;37(12):2054-61. [PubMed:16331129 ]
McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, Corbett J, Collard K, Dyson RJ, Dye L, Hodgson C, Draper N: Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Mar;185(1):93-103. Epub 2006 Jan 17. [PubMed:16416332 ]
Wang PF, McLeish MJ, Kneen MM, Lee G, Kenyon GL: An unusually low pK(a) for Cys282 in the active site of human muscle creatine kinase. Biochemistry. 2001 Oct 2;40(39):11698-705. [PubMed:11570870 ]
Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M: Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006 Jun 1;573(Pt 2):525-34. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [PubMed:16581862 ]
Ellington WR: A dimeric creatine kinase from a sponge: implications in terms of phosphagen kinase evolution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 May;126(1):1-7. [PubMed:10825659 ]
Fredericks S, Murray JF, Bewick M, Chang R, Collinson PO, Carter ND, Holt DW: Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase MB are not increased in exterior oblique muscle of patients with renal failure. Clin Chem. 2001 Jun;47(6):1023-30. [PubMed:11375287 ]
Jiao YF, Okumiya T, Saibara T, Kudo Y, Sugiura T: Erythrocyte creatine as a marker of excessive erythrocyte destruction due to hypersplenism in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Biochem. 2001 Jul;34(5):395-8. [PubMed:11522277 ]
Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. [PubMed:15627241 ]
Nicholson JK, Buckingham MJ, Sadler PJ: High resolution 1H n.m.r. studies of vertebrate blood and plasma. Biochem J. 1983 Jun 1;211(3):605-15. [PubMed:6411064 ]
Sheth NP, Sennett B, Berns JS: Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following arthroscopic knee surgery in a college football player taking creatine supplements. Clin Nephrol. 2006 Feb;65(2):134-7. [PubMed:16509464 ]
Jenkins CB, Ghidini A, Spong CY, Eglinton GS, Pezzullo JC, Michejda M: Evaluation of early second trimester maternal serum creatine kinase isoenzyme BB as a marker of poor pregnancy outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1997 Nov-Dec;12(6):356-9. [PubMed:9475367 ]
Lukaszuk JM, Robertson RJ, Arch JE, Moyna NM: Effect of a defined lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet and oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on plasma creatine concentration. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):735-40. [PubMed:16287366 ]
Preen DB, Dawson BT, Goodman C, Beilby J, Ching S: Comparison of erythrocyte and skeletal muscle creatine accumulation following creatine loading. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005 Feb;15(1):84-93. [PubMed:15902992 ]
Poortmans JR, Kumps A, Duez P, Fofonka A, Carpentier A, Francaux M: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on urinary methylamine, formaldehyde, and formate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Oct;37(10):1717-20. [PubMed:16260971 ]
Yoshizumi WM, Tsourounis C: Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function. J Herb Pharmacother. 2004;4(1):1-7. [PubMed:15273072 ]
Harris RC, Almada AL, Harris DB, Dunnett M, Hespel P: The creatine content of Creatine Serum and the change in the plasma concentration with ingestion of a single dose. J Sports Sci. 2004 Sep;22(9):851-7. [PubMed:15513279 ]
Mendes RR, Pires I, Oliveira A, Tirapegui J: Effects of creatine supplementation on the performance and body composition of competitive swimmers. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Aug;15(8):473-8. [PubMed:15302082 ]
Bales JR, Higham DP, Howe I, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for rapid multi-component analysis of urine. Clin Chem. 1984 Mar;30(3):426-32. [PubMed:6321058 ]
Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, Cederblad G, Greenhaff PL: Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Jul;81(1):232-7. [PubMed:8828669 ]
Dangott B, Schultz E, Mozdziak PE: Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation increases satellite cell mitotic activity during compensatory hypertrophy. Int J Sports Med. 2000 Jan;21(1):13-6. [PubMed:10683092 ]
Hespel P, Op't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Urso B, Greenhaff PL, Labarque V, Dymarkowski S, Van Hecke P, Richter EA: Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans. J Physiol. 2001 Oct 15;536(Pt 2):625-33. [PubMed:11600695 ]
Juhn M: Popular sports supplements and ergogenic aids. Sports Med. 2003;33(12):921-39. [PubMed:12974658 ]
Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Candow DG: Effect of alpha-lipoic acid combined with creatine monohydrate on human skeletal muscle creatine and phosphagen concentration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003 Sep;13(3):294-302. [PubMed:14669930 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
Bird SP: Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: a brief review. J Sports Sci Med. 2003 Dec 1;2(4):123-32. eCollection 2003 Dec. [PubMed:24688272 ]
Engelhardt M, Neumann G, Berbalk A, Reuter I: Creatine supplementation in endurance sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jul;30(7):1123-9. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00016. [PubMed:9662683 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

General function:: Involved in guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: GAMT
Uniprot ID:: Q14353
Molecular weight:: 26317.925

Reactions

S-Adenosylmethionine + Guanidoacetic acid → S-Adenosylhomocysteine + Creatine	details

References

Almeida LS, Vilarinho L, Darmin PS, Rosenberg EH, Martinez-Munoz C, Jakobs C, Salomons GS: A prevalent pathogenic GAMT mutation (c.59G>C) in Portugal. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 May;91(1):1-6. Epub 2007 Mar 1. [PubMed:17336114 ]
Kan HE, Meeuwissen E, van Asten JJ, Veltien A, Isbrandt D, Heerschap A: Creatine uptake in brain and skeletal muscle of mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Jun;102(6):2121-7. Epub 2007 Mar 8. [PubMed:17347380 ]
Wang L, Zhang Y, Shao M, Zhang H: Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):247-53. [PubMed:17486546 ]

Enzyme Details

2. Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial

General function:: Amino acid transport and metabolism
Specific function:: Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. May play a role in embryonic and central nervous system development. May be involved in the response to heart failure by elevating local creatine synthesis.
Gene Name:: GATM
Uniprot ID:: P50440
Molecular weight:: 48455.01

Enzyme Details

3. Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in kinase activity
Specific function:: Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.
Gene Name:: CKMT2
Uniprot ID:: P17540
Molecular weight:: 47504.08

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Creatine → ADP + Phosphocreatine	details

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Koufen P, Ruck A, Brdiczka D, Wendt S, Wallimann T, Stark G: Free radical-induced inactivation of creatine kinase: influence on the octameric and dimeric states of the mitochondrial enzyme (Mib-CK). Biochem J. 1999 Dec 1;344 Pt 2:413-7. [PubMed:10567223 ]
Wyss M, James P, Schlegel J, Wallimann T: Limited proteolysis of creatine kinase. Implications for three-dimensional structure and for conformational substrates. Biochemistry. 1993 Oct 12;32(40):10727-35. [PubMed:8399219 ]
Stachowiak O, Dolder M, Wallimann T, Richter C: Mitochondrial creatine kinase is a prime target of peroxynitrite-induced modification and inactivation. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 3;273(27):16694-9. [PubMed:9642223 ]
Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J. 1992 Jan 1;281 ( Pt 1):21-40. [PubMed:1731757 ]

Enzyme Details

4. Creatine kinase B-type

General function:: Involved in kinase activity
Specific function:: Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.
Gene Name:: CKB
Uniprot ID:: P12277
Molecular weight:: 42643.95

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Creatine → ADP + Phosphocreatine	details

References

Tian XF, Zhang XS, Li YH, Wang ZZ, Zhang F, Wang LM, Yao JH: Proteasome inhibition attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats. Life Sci. 2006 Oct 26;79(22):2069-76. Epub 2006 Jun 23. [PubMed:16875703 ]
Debrincat MA, Zhang JG, Willson TA, Silke J, Connolly LM, Simpson RJ, Alexander WS, Nicola NA, Kile BT, Hilton DJ: Ankyrin repeat and suppressors of cytokine signaling box protein asb-9 targets creatine kinase B for degradation. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 16;282(7):4728-37. Epub 2006 Dec 5. [PubMed:17148442 ]
Burklen TS, Hirschy A, Wallimann T: Brain-type creatine kinase BB-CK interacts with the Golgi Matrix Protein GM130 in early prophase. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Mar;297(1-2):53-64. Epub 2006 Oct 12. [PubMed:17036164 ]
Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J. 1992 Jan 1;281 ( Pt 1):21-40. [PubMed:1731757 ]

Enzyme Details

5. Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in kinase activity
Specific function:: Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.
Gene Name:: CKMT1A
Uniprot ID:: P12532
Molecular weight:: 47036.3

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Creatine → ADP + Phosphocreatine	details

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Slenzka K, Appel R, Kappel Th, Rahmann H: Influence of altered gravity on brain cellular energy and plasma membrane metabolism of developing lower aquatic vertebrates. Adv Space Res. 1996;17(6-7):125-8. [PubMed:11538605 ]
Wyss M, Schlegel J, James P, Eppenberger HM, Wallimann T: Mitochondrial creatine kinase from chicken brain. Purification, biophysical characterization, and generation of heterodimeric and heterooctameric molecules with subunits of other creatine kinase isoenzymes. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 15;265(26):15900-8. [PubMed:2394753 ]
Muhlebach SM, Wirz T, Brandle U, Perriard JC: Evolution of the creative kinases. The chicken acidic type mitochondrial creatine kinase gene as the first nonmammalian gene. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 17;271(20):11920-9. [PubMed:8662608 ]
Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J. 1992 Jan 1;281 ( Pt 1):21-40. [PubMed:1731757 ]

Enzyme Details

6. Creatine kinase M-type

General function:: Involved in kinase activity
Specific function:: Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.
Gene Name:: CKM
Uniprot ID:: P06732
Molecular weight:: 43100.91

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Creatine → ADP + Phosphocreatine	details

References

Zeng L, Hu Q, Wang X, Mansoor A, Lee J, Feygin J, Zhang G, Suntharalingam P, Boozer S, Mhashilkar A, Panetta CJ, Swingen C, Deans R, From AH, Bache RJ, Verfaillie CM, Zhang J: Bioenergetic and functional consequences of bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cell transplantation in hearts with postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Circulation. 2007 Apr 10;115(14):1866-75. Epub 2007 Mar 26. [PubMed:17389266 ]
Zhou DQ, Hu Y, Liu G, Gong L, Xi Y, Wen L: Muscle-specific creatine kinase gene polymorphism and running economy responses to an 18-week 5000-m training programme. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Dec;40(12):988-91. Epub 2006 Sep 25. [PubMed:17000714 ]
Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J. 1992 Jan 1;281 ( Pt 1):21-40. [PubMed:1731757 ]

Enzyme Details

7. Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1

General function:: Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:: Required for the uptake of creatine in muscles and brain.
Gene Name:: SLC6A8
Uniprot ID:: P48029
Molecular weight:: 69483.91

References

Rosenberg EH, Munoz CM, Degrauw TJ, Jakobs Cn, Salomons GS: Overexpression of wild-type creatine transporter (SLC6A8) restores creatine uptake in primary SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006 Apr-Jun;29(2-3):345-6. [PubMed:16763899 ]
Derave W, Straumann N, Olek RA, Hespel P: Electrolysis stimulates creatine transport and transporter cell surface expression in incubated mouse skeletal muscle: potential role of ROS. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;291(6):E1250-7. Epub 2006 Jul 18. [PubMed:16849631 ]
Lunardi G, Parodi A, Perasso L, Pohvozcheva AV, Scarrone S, Adriano E, Florio T, Gandolfo C, Cupello A, Burov SV, Balestrino M: The creatine transporter mediates the uptake of creatine by brain tissue, but not the uptake of two creatine-derived compounds. Neuroscience. 2006 Nov 3;142(4):991-7. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [PubMed:16949212 ]
Campistol J, Arias-Dimas A, Poo P, Pineda M, Hoffman M, Vilaseca MA, Artuch R, Ribes A: [Cerebral creatine transporter deficiency: an infradiagnosed neurometabolic disease]. Rev Neurol. 2007 Mar 16-31;44(6):343-7. [PubMed:17385170 ]
Wang L, Zhang Y, Shao M, Zhang H: Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):247-53. [PubMed:17486546 ]

Enzyme Details

8. Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 1

General function:: Involved in DNA binding
Specific function:: Acts as a transcriptional regulator of muscle creatine kinase (MCK) and so has a role in the establishment of diverse mesodermal muscle types. The protein binds to an A/T-rich element in the muscle creatine enhancer
Gene Name:: PRRX1
Uniprot ID:: P54821
Molecular weight:: 27296.2

Enzyme Details

9. DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3

General function:: Involved in transcription regulator activity
Specific function:: ID (inhibitor of DNA binding) HLH proteins lack a basic DNA-binding domain but are able to form heterodimers with other HLH proteins, thereby inhibiting DNA binding. ID-3 inhibits the binding of E2A-containing protein complexes to muscle creatine kinase E-box enhancer. May inhibit other transcription factors
Gene Name:: ID3
Uniprot ID:: Q02535
Molecular weight:: 12968.8

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 5

General function:: Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:: Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3
Gene Name:: SLC22A5
Uniprot ID:: O76082
Molecular weight:: 62751.1

References

Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [PubMed:10525100 ]

Showing metabocard for Creatine (HMDB0000064)

MOL for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

3D MOL for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

3D SDF for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

PDB for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

3D PDB for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

SMILES for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

INCHI for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

Structure for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

3D Structure for HMDB0000064 (Creatine)

Collision Cross Sections

Retention Indices

Underivatized

Derivatized

GC-MS

LC-MS/MS

NMR

Enzymes

Reactions

References

Reactions

References

Reactions

References

Reactions

References

Reactions

References

References

Transporters

References