Hmdb loader

Showing metabocard for Choline (HMDB0000097)

Jump To Section:
IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (24)transporters (6) Show 30 proteinsXML
enzymes (24)transporters (6) Show 30 proteins
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2025-05-29 18:10:17 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000097
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00097
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCholine
DescriptionCholine is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. Choline is now considered to be an essential vitamin. While humans can synthesize small amounts (by converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine), it must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. Required levels are between 425 mg/day (female) and 550 mg/day (male). Milk, eggs, liver, and peanuts are especially rich in choline. Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. Choline can be oxidized to form betaine, which is a methyl source for many reactions (i.e. conversion of homocysteine into methionine). Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to a fatty liver condition and general liver damage. This arises from the lack of VLDL, which is necessary to transport fats away from the liver. Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer.
Structure
Data?1582752111
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

122
  Mrv1652309032023522D          

  7  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    4.5080    0.4125    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645    0.0000    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6501   -0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9520    0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.7770   -0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7936    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  7  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  5  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

HMDB0000097
     RDKit          3D
Choline
 21 20  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.4031    0.0214    1.2788 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4628    0.0424    0.1463 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8765   -1.0353   -0.7290 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.6821    1.2950   -0.5260 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8453   -0.1173    0.6850 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8752   -0.5810   -0.3081 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0259    0.3013   -1.3728 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0649   -0.7542    1.9859 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4254   -0.1387    0.8969 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3445    1.0024    1.8098 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5989   -2.0290   -0.3612 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9997   -0.9770   -0.8069 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5012   -0.8016   -1.7426 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7890    2.1467    0.1928 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6737    1.2269   -1.0404 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0518    1.5495   -1.2795 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1692    0.8249    1.1318 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7982   -0.8774    1.4915 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8586   -0.5886    0.2292 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7123   -1.6149   -0.6585 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4853    1.1048   -1.0230 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  1 10  1  0
  3 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  4 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  6 19  1  0
  6 20  1  0
  7 21  1  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

122
  Mrv1652309032023522D          

  7  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    4.5080    0.4125    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645    0.0000    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6501   -0.4125    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9520    0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.7770   -0.7145    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7936    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  7  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  5  1  0  0  0  0
  2  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000097

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
C[N+](C)(C)CCO

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1

> <INCHI_KEY>
OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C5H14NO

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
104.1708

> <EXACT_MASS>
104.107539075

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
21

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
12.56561305801337

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-3.59

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-4.662269162805079

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-1.59

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
13.968714076810006

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
-3.249884462803304

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
20.23

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
42.194

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
3.61e+00 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
choline

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

HMDB0000097
     RDKit          3D
Choline
 21 20  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -1.4031    0.0214    1.2788 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4628    0.0424    0.1463 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8765   -1.0353   -0.7290 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.6821    1.2950   -0.5260 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8453   -0.1173    0.6850 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8752   -0.5810   -0.3081 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0259    0.3013   -1.3728 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0649   -0.7542    1.9859 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4254   -0.1387    0.8969 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3445    1.0024    1.8098 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5989   -2.0290   -0.3612 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9997   -0.9770   -0.8069 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5012   -0.8016   -1.7426 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7890    2.1467    0.1928 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6737    1.2269   -1.0404 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0518    1.5495   -1.2795 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1692    0.8249    1.1318 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7982   -0.8774    1.4915 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8586   -0.5886    0.2292 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7123   -1.6149   -0.6585 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4853    1.1048   -1.0230 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  1  8  1  0
  1  9  1  0
  1 10  1  0
  3 11  1  0
  3 12  1  0
  3 13  1  0
  4 14  1  0
  4 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  5 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  6 19  1  0
  6 20  1  0
  7 21  1  0
M  CHG  1   2   1
M  END
Download

PDB for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 03-SEP-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 122                                               
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   03-SEP-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       8.415   0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  N   UNK     0       4.414   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+1
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0       5.748   0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0       3.080  -0.770   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0       3.644   1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0       5.184  -1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       7.081   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    7                                                            
CONECT    2    3    4    5    6                                             
CONECT    3    2    7                                                       
CONECT    4    2                                                            
CONECT    5    2                                                            
CONECT    6    2                                                            
CONECT    7    1    3                                                       
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    7    0   12    0
END
Download

3D PDB for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

COMPND    HMDB0000097
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -1.403   0.021   1.279  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  N1  UNL     1      -0.463   0.042   0.146  1.00  0.00           N1+
HETATM    3  C2  UNL     1      -0.876  -1.035  -0.729  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C3  UNL     1      -0.682   1.295  -0.526  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C4  UNL     1       0.845  -0.117   0.685  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C5  UNL     1       1.875  -0.581  -0.308  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  O1  UNL     1       2.026   0.301  -1.373  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    8  H1  UNL     1      -1.065  -0.754   1.986  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H2  UNL     1      -2.425  -0.139   0.897  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H3  UNL     1      -1.345   1.002   1.810  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H4  UNL     1      -0.599  -2.029  -0.361  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H5  UNL     1      -2.000  -0.977  -0.807  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H6  UNL     1      -0.501  -0.802  -1.743  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H7  UNL     1      -0.789   2.147   0.193  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H8  UNL     1      -1.674   1.227  -1.040  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H9  UNL     1       0.052   1.549  -1.280  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H10 UNL     1       1.169   0.825   1.132  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H11 UNL     1       0.798  -0.877   1.492  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H12 UNL     1       2.859  -0.589   0.229  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H13 UNL     1       1.712  -1.615  -0.659  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H14 UNL     1       2.485   1.105  -1.023  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    8    9   10
CONECT    2    3    4    5
CONECT    3   11   12   13
CONECT    4   14   15   16
CONECT    5    6   17   18
CONECT    6    7   19   20
CONECT    7   21
END
Download

SMILES for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

C[N+](C)(C)CCO
Download

INCHI for HMDB0000097 (Choline)

InChI=1S/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1
Download
View in JSmolView NMR AssignmentsView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
BilineurineChEBI
CHOLINE ionChEBI
N,N,N-Trimethylethanol-ammoniumChEBI
N-TrimethylethanolamineChEBI
TrimethylethanolamineChEBI
Choline cationKegg
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethyl ammoniumHMDB
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammoniumHMDB
(beta-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammoniumHMDB
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminiumHMDB
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminiumHMDB
BiocolinaHMDB
BiocolineHMDB
CholinumHMDB
HepacholineHMDB
HormoclineHMDB
LipotrilHMDB
N,N,N-TrimethylethanolammoniumHMDB
NeocolinaHMDB
ParesanHMDB
Choline O-sulfateHMDB
Citrate, cholineHMDB
FagineHMDB
Hydroxide, cholineHMDB
VidineHMDB
BursineHMDB
Chloride, cholineHMDB
Choline chlorideHMDB
Choline citrateHMDB
Bitartrate, cholineHMDB
Choline bitartrateHMDB
Choline hydroxideHMDB
Choline O sulfateHMDB
O-Sulfate, cholineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC5H14NO
Average Molecular Weight104.1708
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight104.107539075
IUPAC Name(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium
Traditional Namecholine
CAS Registry Number62-49-7
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)CCO
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1
InChI KeyOEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholines. These are organic compounds containing a N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassQuaternary ammonium salts
Direct ParentCholines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Choline
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Alkanolamine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic salt
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Organic cation
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point302 - 303 °C (chloride salt)Not Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+MetCCS_test_pos117.81430932474
[M+H]+Not Available117.684http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000541
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.61 g/LALOGPS
logP-3.6ALOGPS
logP-4.7ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.97ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area20.23 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity42.19 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.57 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
AllCCS[M+H]+121.05132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.06432859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+122.34330932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-119.19430932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-155.82230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+131.11330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+121.132859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+117.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+124.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+125.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-140.232859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-143.632859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.0.61 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 20228.3062 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20225.81 minutes32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid357.2 seconds40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid395.4 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid267.4 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid78.8 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid173.3 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid46.7 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid254.0 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid237.7 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)830.0 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid609.5 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid38.8 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid870.6 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid196.4 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid181.3 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate744.0 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA504.4 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water139.3 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
CholineC[N+](C)(C)CCO1419.6Standard polar33892256
CholineC[N+](C)(C)CCO723.1Standard non polar33892256
CholineC[N+](C)(C)CCO820.0Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Choline,1TMS,isomer #1C[N+](C)(C)CCO[Si](C)(C)C957.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Choline,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCC[N+](C)(C)C1157.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Sweat
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Bladder
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified6.0 +/- 0.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified8.70-19.8 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.6 ± 0.78 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified12.18 ± 3.06 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified26.57 ± 10.67 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.13 ± 1.46 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified14.5 +/- 5.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified10.43 ± 0.8 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified6.8 +/- 0.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified34.25 ± 20.88 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.19 ± 1.56 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified10.6 +/- 1.9 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified27.5 +/- 3.3 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.79 ± 3.11 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
BloodDetected and Quantified39.63 ± 31.95 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
    • Quantitative comp...
 details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified116 +/- 22 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified155 +/- 103 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal		 details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified8.3 (7.0-13.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
 details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified3 +/- 1 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified8.94 +/- 5.57 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified>10 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified32.73 +/- 27.60 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified22.99 +/- 8.20 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified3.92 +/- 2.23 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
 details
SweatDetected and Quantified< 10 uMAdult (40 years old)Male
Normal		 details
SweatDetected and Quantified< 10 uMAdult (60 years old)Male
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified16.05(3.95-36.52) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified15.86(4.53-51.47) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.99-50.7 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.08 (5.14-11.09) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-94 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.5 (1.4-6.1) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.27 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Shaykhutdinov RA,...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.3 (0.72-28.5) umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
    • West Cadwell, N.J...
    • Basel, Switzerlan...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.692 +/- 5.88 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothPancreatic Cancer details
BloodDetected and Quantified10.4 (2.6) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleEarly preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified143.9 (277.4) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.6 (113.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleDown syndrome pregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified9.7 +/- 4.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart Transplant details
BloodDetected and Quantified52.7 (143.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified20.49(8.21) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with reduced ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified7.49 (2.69) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified7.68 (3.02) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect details
BloodDetected and Quantified31.6 +/- 100.6 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified10.2 +/- 2.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18		 details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified140.0 +/- 180.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothSpina bifida details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified2.5 +/- 1.0 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothAlzheimer's disease details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.46 +/- 0.54 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedVascular dementia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified170.0 +/- 70.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothSpina bifida details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femalerheumatoid arthritis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Femaleankylosing spondylitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specifiedsymptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specifiedasymptomatic diverticulosis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUnclassified IBD details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothIrritable Bowel Syndrome details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative colitis		 details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Irritable bowel syndrome		 details
SalivaDetected and Quantified19.46 +/- 8.84 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothLewy body disease details
SalivaDetected and Quantified32.52 +/- 8.23 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleFrontotemporal lobe dementia details
SalivaDetected and Quantified23.98 +/- 10.66 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleAlzheimer's disease details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedPeriodontal diseases details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedPancreatic cancer details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)FemaleBreast cancer details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothOral cancer details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.932 +/- 4.602 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
 details
UrineDetected and Quantified3.0 (0.0-8.0) umol/mmol creatinineNot SpecifiedBothLung cancer details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
  2. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
  3. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
  4. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Early preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Multi-infarct dementia
  1. Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303. [PubMed:15465626 ]
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303. [PubMed:15465626 ]
  2. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Spina Bifida
  1. Pal K, Sharma U, Gupta DK, Pratap A, Jagannathan NR: Metabolite profile of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with spina bifida: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Feb 1;30(3):E68-72. [PubMed:15681999 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
  1. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  2. Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c. [PubMed:21494186 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  2. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Tie-juan ShaoZhi-xing HeZhi-jun XieHai-chang LiMei-jiao WangCheng-ping Wen. Characterization of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis using 1H NMR-based metabolomics of human fecal extracts. Metabolomics. April 2016, 12:70 [Link]
Diverticular disease
  1. Tursi A, Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Elisei W, Miccheli A, Capuani G, Tomassini A, Campagna G, Picchio M, Giorgetti G, Fabiocchi F, Brandimarte G: Assessment of Fecal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome in Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease of the Colon. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;50 Suppl 1:S9-S12. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000626. [PubMed:27622378 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
  2. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Lewy body disease
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Frontotemporal dementia
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Periodontal disease
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
Pancreatic cancer
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
  2. Xie G, Lu L, Qiu Y, Ni Q, Zhang W, Gao YT, Risch HA, Yu H, Jia W: Plasma metabolite biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1195-202. doi: 10.1021/pr501135f. Epub 2014 Dec 8. [PubMed:25429707 ]
Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment
  1. Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Lung Cancer
  1. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, Hau DD, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Sinelnikov I, Xia J, Jia L, Cruz JA, Lim E, Sobsey CA, Shrivastava S, Huang P, Liu P, Fang L, Peng J, Fradette R, Cheng D, Tzur D, Clements M, Lewis A, De Souza A, Zuniga A, Dawe M, Xiong Y, Clive D, Greiner R, Nazyrova A, Shaykhutdinov R, Li L, Vogel HJ, Forsythe I: HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D603-10. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn810. Epub 2008 Oct 25. [PubMed:18953024 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00122
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB000710
KNApSAcK IDC00007298
Chemspider ID299
KEGG Compound IDC00114
BioCyc IDCHOLINE
BiGG ID33910
Wikipedia LinkCholine
METLIN ID56
PubChem Compound305
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15354
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDCHOL
MarkerDB IDMDB00000050
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceHasegawa, Yoichi; Hyoda, Shunji; Sawada, Hirotoshi; Baba, Masakatsu. Preparation of high-purity organic carboxylic acid choline salts and choline. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1999), 9 pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Nicholson JK, Foxall PJ, Spraul M, Farrant RD, Lindon JC: 750 MHz 1H and 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy of human blood plasma. Anal Chem. 1995 Mar 1;67(5):793-811. [PubMed:7762816 ]
  2. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed:12097436 ]
  3. Van Hove JL, Lazeyras F, Zeisel SH, Bottiglieri T, Hyland K, Charles HC, Gray L, Jaeken J, Kahler SG: One-methyl group metabolism in non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia: mildly elevated cerebrospinal fluid homocysteine levels. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Dec;21(8):799-811. [PubMed:9870205 ]
  4. Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303. [PubMed:15465626 ]
  5. Kohlmeier M, da Costa KA, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH: Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):16025-30. Epub 2005 Oct 18. [PubMed:16236726 ]
  6. Babb SM, Ke Y, Lange N, Kaufman MJ, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM: Oral choline increases choline metabolites in human brain. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jan 15;130(1):1-9. [PubMed:14972364 ]
  7. Pal K, Sharma U, Gupta DK, Pratap A, Jagannathan NR: Metabolite profile of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with spina bifida: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Feb 1;30(3):E68-72. [PubMed:15681999 ]
  8. Farsad M, Schiavina R, Castellucci P, Nanni C, Corti B, Martorana G, Canini R, Grigioni W, Boschi S, Marengo M, Pettinato C, Salizzoni E, Monetti N, Franchi R, Fanti S: Detection and localization of prostate cancer: correlation of (11)C-choline PET/CT with histopathologic step-section analysis. J Nucl Med. 2005 Oct;46(10):1642-9. [PubMed:16204714 ]
  9. Yanagawa T, Watanabe H, Inoue T, Ahmed AR, Tomiyoshi K, Shinozaki T, Oriuchi N, Endo K, Takagishi K: Carbon-11 choline positron emission tomography in musculoskeletal tumors: comparison with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003 Mar-Apr;27(2):175-82. [PubMed:12703009 ]
  10. Zeisel SH: Nutritional importance of choline for brain development. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6 Suppl):621S-626S. [PubMed:15640516 ]
  11. Garner SC, Chou SC, Mar MH, Coleman RA, Zeisel SH: Characterization of choline metabolism and secretion by human placental trophoblasts in culture. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Jul 1;1168(3):358-64. [PubMed:8323976 ]
  12. Rumpel H, Ho GL, Chan LL, Lim WE, Chong VF: Concomitant diminishing magnetization-transfer effect and increasing choline level in radiation-induced temporal-lobe changes. Australas Radiol. 2002 Sep;46(3):340-4. [PubMed:12196251 ]
  13. Zeisel SH: Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:229-50. [PubMed:16848706 ]
  14. Ozarda Ilcol Y, Ozyurt G, Kilicturgay S, Uncu G, Ulus IH: The decline in serum choline concentration in humans during and after surgery is associated with the elevation of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and beta-endorphin concentrations. Neurosci Lett. 2002 May 10;324(1):41-4. [PubMed:11983290 ]
  15. Chen CY, Li CW, Kuo YT, Jaw TS, Wu DK, Jao JC, Hsu JS, Liu GC: Early response of hepatocellular carcinoma to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: choline levels and MR diffusion constants--initial experience. Radiology. 2006 May;239(2):448-56. Epub 2006 Mar 28. [PubMed:16569781 ]
  16. Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M, Dubin M, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Pownall H, Farley W, Awal M, Ahn C: Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001 Sep-Oct;25(5):260-8. [PubMed:11531217 ]
  17. da Costa KA, Badea M, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH: Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase in choline-deficient humans: mechanistic studies in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):163-70. [PubMed:15213044 ]
  18. Katz-Brull R, Margalit R, Degani H: Differential routing of choline in implanted breast cancer and normal organs. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Jul;46(1):31-8. [PubMed:11443708 ]
  19. Ilcol YO, Donmez O, Yavuz M, Dilek K, Yurtkuran M, Ulus IH: Free choline and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations in serum and dialysate during peritoneal dialysis in children and adults. Clin Biochem. 2002 Jun;35(4):307-13. [PubMed:12135694 ]
  20. Jacob RA, Jenden DJ, Allman-Farinelli MA, Swendseid ME: Folate nutriture alters choline status of women and men fed low choline diets. J Nutr. 1999 Mar;129(3):712-7. [PubMed:10082779 ]
  21. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 30 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Choline O-acetyltransferase
General function:
Involved in acyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses.
Gene Name:
CHAT
Uniprot ID:
P28329
Molecular weight:
70425.285
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA + Choline → Coenzyme A + Acetylcholinedetails
Enzyme Details
2. Phospholipase D2
General function:
Involved in protein binding
Specific function:
May have a role in signal-induced cytoskeletal regulation and/or endocytosis (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PLD2
Uniprot ID:
O14939
Molecular weight:
104656.485
Reactions
A phosphatidylcholine + Water → Choline + a phosphatidatedetails
Phosphatidylcholine + Water → Phosphatidate + Cholinedetails
Enzyme Details
3. Phospholipase D1
General function:
Involved in protein binding
Specific function:
Implicated as a critical step in numerous cellular pathways, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and the regulation of mitosis. May be involved in the regulation of perinuclear intravesicular membrane traffic (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PLD1
Uniprot ID:
Q13393
Molecular weight:
124183.135
Reactions
A phosphatidylcholine + Water → Choline + a phosphatidatedetails
Phosphatidylcholine + Water → Phosphatidate + Cholinedetails
Enzyme Details
4. Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CHDH
Uniprot ID:
Q8NE62
Molecular weight:
65358.005
Reactions
Choline + acceptor → Betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptordetails
Choline + Acceptor → Betaine aldehyde + Reduced acceptordetails
Enzyme Details
5. Acetylcholinesterase
General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
Gene Name:
ACHE
Uniprot ID:
P22303
Molecular weight:
67795.525
Reactions
Acetylcholine + Water → Choline + Acetic aciddetails
Enzyme Details
6. Cholinesterase
General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Gene Name:
BCHE
Uniprot ID:
P06276
Molecular weight:
68417.575
Reactions
An acylcholine + Water → Choline + a carboxylatedetails
Enzyme Details
7. Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Controls phosphatidylcholine synthesis.
Gene Name:
PCYT1B
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y5K3
Molecular weight:
40228.99
Enzyme Details
8. Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Controls phosphatidylcholine synthesis.
Gene Name:
PCYT1A
Uniprot ID:
P49585
Molecular weight:
41730.67
Enzyme Details
9. Choline/ethanolamine kinase
General function:
Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis
Specific function:
Has a key role in phospholipid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Phosphorylates ethanolamine, and can also act on choline (in vitro). Has higher activity with ethanolamine. May not significantly contribute to in vivo phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
Gene Name:
CHKB
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y259
Molecular weight:
45270.99
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Choline → ADP + Phosphorylcholinedetails
Enzyme Details
10. Choline kinase alpha
General function:
Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis
Specific function:
Has a key role in phospholipid biosynthesis and may contribute to tumor cell growth. Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Contributes to phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Phosphorylates choline and ethanolamine. Has higher activity with choline.
Gene Name:
CHKA
Uniprot ID:
P35790
Molecular weight:
52248.53
Reactions
Adenosine triphosphate + Choline → ADP + Phosphorylcholinedetails

Transporters

Enzyme Details
1. Choline transporter-like protein 1
General function:
Involved in choline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Choline transporter. May be involved in membrane synthesis and myelin production.
Gene Name:
SLC44A1
Uniprot ID:
Q8WWI5
Molecular weight:
73301.28
Enzyme Details
2. High affinity choline transporter 1
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Imports choline from the extracellular space to the neuron with high affinity. Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. Sodium ion- and chloride ion-dependent.
Gene Name:
SLC5A7
Uniprot ID:
Q9GZV3
Molecular weight:
63202.985
Enzyme Details
3. Solute carrier family 22 member 1
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase
Gene Name:
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID:
O15245
Molecular weight:
61187.4
Enzyme Details
4. Choline transporter-like protein 4
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
SLC44A4
Uniprot ID:
Q53GD3
Molecular weight:
74503.595
Enzyme Details
5. Choline transporter-like protein 2
General function:
Involved in choline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Isoform 1, but not isoform 3, exhibits some choline transporter activity.
Gene Name:
SLC44A2
Uniprot ID:
Q8IWA5
Molecular weight:
79845.355
Enzyme Details
6. Choline transporter-like protein 3
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
SLC44A3
Uniprot ID:
Q8N4M1
Molecular weight:
73782.63

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 30 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters